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Cited by 1,105Muscle Physiology and DisordersWound Healing and TreatmentsCardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling

Regulatory interactions between muscle and the immune system during muscle regeneration

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Tidball, James G., Villalta, S. Armando·2010·American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00735.2009PMC PMC2867520
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Abstract

Recent discoveries reveal complex interactions between skeletal muscle and the immune system that regulate muscle regeneration. In this review, we evaluate evidence that indicates that the response of myeloid cells to muscle injury promotes muscle regeneration and growth. Acute perturbations of muscle activate a sequence of interactions between muscle and inflammatory cells. The initial inflammatory response is a characteristic Th1 inflammatory response, first dominated by neutrophils and subsequently by CD68 + M1 macrophages. M1 macrophages can propagate the Th1 response by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and cause further tissue damage through the release of nitric oxide. Myeloid cells in the early Th1 response stimulate the proliferative phase of myogenesis through mechanisms mediated by TNF-α and IL-6; experimental prolongation of their presence is associated with delayed transition to the early differentiation stage of myogenesis. Subsequent invasion by CD163 + /CD206 + M2 macrophages attenuates M1 populations through the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10. M2 macrophages play a major role in promoting growth and regeneration; their absence greatly slows muscle growth following injury or modified use and inhibits muscle differentiation and regeneration. Chronic muscle injury leads to profiles of macrophage invasion and function that differ from acute injuries. For example, mdx muscular dystrophy yields invasion of muscle by M1 macrophages, but their early invasion is accompanied by a subpopulation of M2a macrophages. M2a macrophages are IL-4 receptor + /CD206 + cells that reduce cytotoxicity of M1 macrophages. Subsequent invasion of dystrophic muscle by M2c macrophages is associated with progression of the regenerative phase in pathophysiology. Together, these findings show that transitions in macrophage phenotype are an essential component of muscle regeneration in vivo following acute or chronic muscle damage.

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Authors
Tidball, J. G., & Villalta, S. A.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Program and
Corresponding author
Tidball, James G.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2010-05
Volume
298
Issue
5
Pages
R1173-R1187
ISSN
  • 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1490
DOI
10.1152/ajpregu.00735.2009
PMC
PMC2867520
OpenAlex
W2112039060
Cited by
1,105
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 47 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 53
FWCI
4.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (R01 AR/AG054451)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR047855, R01AR047721, F31AR054724)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Keywords
muscle regeneration, muscle damage, myeloid cells, macrophage polarization, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, neutrophils, myogenesis, TNF-α, interleukin-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, muscle growth
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immune System, Macrophages, Muscular Dystrophies, Neutrophils, Regeneration, Muscle, Skeletal

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