Progressive stretch overload of skeletal muscle results in hypertrophy before hyperplasia
Abstract
Intermittent stretch of the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle produces fiber hypertrophy without fiber hyperplasia (J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 1893-1898, 1993). This study was undertaken to determine if a progressive increase in load and duration of stretch would induce extremely large muscle fiber areas or if the fibers would reach a critical size before the onset of fiber hyperplasia. Weights ranging from 10 to 35% of the bird's mass were attached to the right wing of 26 adult quail while the left wing served as the intra-animal control. The stretch protocol was as follows: day 1 (10% wt), days 2 and 3 (rest), day 4 (15% wt), days 5-7 (rest), day 8 (20% wt), days 9 and 10 (rest), days 11-14 (25% wt), days 15 and 16 (rest), and days 17-38 (35% wt). Birds were killed after 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 days of stretch not including rest days. Muscle mass increased 174% (12 days), 196% (16 days), 225% (20 days), 264% (24 days), and 318% (28 days). Muscle length increased 60% (12 days), 34% (16 days), 59% (20 days), 50% (24 days), and 51% (28 days). Mean fiber area increased 111% (12 days), 142% (16 days), 75% (20 days), 90% (24 days), and 39% (28 days). Fiber number, which was measured histologically, increased significantly by 82% only in the 28 days of stretch group. The percentage of slow tonic fibers did not change for any of the time points examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Animal model stretch-training studies reported significant large magnitude muscle mass increases using stretching durations of 30 min to 24 h daily.
“Animal model stretch-training studies reported significant large magnitude muscle mass increases [153] using comparatively high stretching durations of 30 min [154, 155] to 24 h daily [153, 156, 157].”
From Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [153]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sinha-Hikim, I., Artaza, J., Woodhouse, L., Gonzalez-Cadavid, N., Singh, A. B., Lee, M. I., Storer, T. W., Casaburi, R., Shen, R., & Bhasin, S. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00502.2001 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Roberts, M. D., McCarthy, J. J., Hornberger, T. A., Phillips, S. M., Mackey, A. L., Nader, G. A., Boppart, M. D., Kavazis, A. N., Reidy, P. T., Ogasawara, R., et al. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2022 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Influence of Long-Lasting Static Stretching on Maximal Strength, Muscle Thickness and Flexibility
Warneke, K., Brinkmann, A., Hillebrecht, M., & Schiemann, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.878955 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature
Nunes, J. P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Nakamura, M., Ribeiro, A. S., Cunha, P. M., & Cyrino, E. S. (2020) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12622 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Behm, D. G., Granacher, U., Warneke, K., Aragão-Santos, J. C., Da Silva-Grigoletto, M. E., & Konrad, A. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01949-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Animal model stretch-training studies reported significant large magnitude muscle mass increases [153] using comparatively high stretching durations of 30 min [154, 155] to 24 h daily [153, 156, 157].”
BackgroundSex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains
Warneke, K., Zech, A., Wagner, C.-M., Konrad, A., Nakamura, M., Keiner, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Behm, D. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1078301 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Aging alters the reduction of pro-apoptotic signaling in response to loading-induced hypertrophy
Siu, P. M., & Alway, S. E. (2006) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.11.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Inter-set stretch: A potential time-efficient strategy for enhancing skeletal muscle adaptations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Wackerhage, H., & De Souza, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.1035190 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Warneke, K., Keiner, M., Hillebrecht, M., & Schiemann, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811621 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Warneke, K., Lohmann, L. H., Keiner, M., Wagner, C.-M., Schmidt, T., Wirth, K., Zech, A., Schiemann, S., & Behm, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013254 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Antonio, J., & Gonyea, W. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1993-09-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1263-1271
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1863320770
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ar040046-02)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-40046)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscle fiber hyperplasia, anterior latissimus dorsi, quail, muscle fiber area, muscle mass, muscle length, muscle growth
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Muscle Contraction, Muscles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
