Dyslipidemia and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease
Open accessAbstract
Background. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modifiable factors associated with BBB function may have therapeutic implication. This study tested the hypothesis that dyslipidemia is associated with BBB impairment in mild-to-moderate AD.Methods. Thirty-six subjects with AD were followed for 1 year. Fasting CSF and plasma were collected with clinical assessments at baseline and 12 months. BBB impairment was defined as CSF albumin index ≥9. Independent t-tests and linear regression assessed the relationship between plasma lipoproteins and BBB integrity.Results. Dyslipidemia was prevalent in 47% of the population, and in 75% of those with BBB impairment. Subjects with BBB impairment had significantly higher mean plasma triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol (TG,P=0.007; HDL,P=0.043). Plasma triglycerides explained 22% of the variance in BBB integrity and remained significant after controlling for age, gender, ApoE-4 genotype, blood pressure, and statin use.Conclusion. Dyslipidemia is more prevalent in AD subjects with BBB impairment. Plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol may have a role in maintaining BBB integrity in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, as well as environment and lifestyle, all affect cerebrovascular and BBB dysfunction.
“Vascular risk factors including hypertension (169, 272), diabetes (43, 110), hyperlipidemia (74), and cardiovascular disease (594), as well as environment (e.g., pollution) (87-89, 207) and lifestyle (e.g., obesity, sedentary lifestyle) (281, 643) all affect cerebrovascular and BBB dysfunction (429, 571), and may influence onset and progression of AD.”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The Results (§3.1–3.2; page unavailable) associate dyslipidemia, particularly higher triglycerides, with BBB impairment in people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The Conclusion (§4) says causality cannot be assumed. The paper does not establish that the other listed vascular, environmental, and lifestyle factors all affect cerebrovascular and BBB dysfunction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDyslipidemia has been implicated as a vascular-metabolic risk factor for AD.
“Moreover, although dyslipidemia has been implicated as a vascular-metabolic risk factor for AD [ 70-72 ], the present study is not designed to evaluate lipid-driven AD pathology and is not performed in a hyperlipidemic AD model.”
From Restores Aβ Clearance by Overcoming PCSK9–LRP1 Dysregulation and TRIB3‐Mediated Autophagy Blockade in Alzheimer's Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 21 · Cited by 100
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- [1]Link H Tibbling G Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorders. II. Relation of the concentration of the proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1977 37 5 391 396 337460
- [2]Skoog I Wallin A Fredman P A population study on blood-brain barrier function in 85-year-olds: relation to Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia Neurology 1998 50 4 966 971 9566380
- [3]Bowman GL Kaye JA Moore M Waichunas D Carlson NE Quinn JF Blood-brain barrier impairment in Alzheimer disease: stability and functional significance Neurology 2007 68 21 1809 1814 17515542 PMC2668699
- [4]Bell RD Zlokovic BV Neurovascular mechanisms and blood-brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer’s disease Acta Neuropathologica 2009 118 1 103 113 19319544 PMC2853006
- [5]Zlokovic BV An Introduction to the Blood-Brain Barrier 1993 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press
- [6]Begley DJ Brightman MW Structural and functional aspects of the blood-brain barrier Progress in Drug Research 2003 61 39 78 14674608
- [7]de la Torre JC Is Alzheimer’s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma, and dialectics The Lancet Neurology 2004 3 3 184 190 14980533
- [8]Lehmann M Regland B Blennow K Gottfries CG Vitamin B12-B6-folate treatment improves blood-brain barrier function in patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia and mild cognitive impairment Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2003 16 3 145 150 12826740
- [9]Refolo LM Pappolla MA Malester B Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer’s amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model Neurobiology of Disease 2000 7 4 321 331 10964604
- [10]Folstein MF Folstein SE McHugh PR ‘Mini-mental state’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975 12 3 189 198 1202204
- [11]Dooneief G Marder K Tang MX Stern Y The clinical dementia rating scale: community-based validation of “profound’ and “terminal’ stages Neurology 1996 46 6 1746 1749 8649584
- [12]Moroney JT Bagiella E Desmond DW Meta-analysis of the Hachinski ischemic score in pathologically verified dementias Neurology 1997 49 4 1096 1105 9339696
- [13]Yesavage JA Brink TL Rose TL Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report Journal of Psychiatric Research 1982 17 1 37 49 7183759
- [15]Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report Circulation 2002 106 25 3143 3421 12485966
- [16]Grundy SM Cleeman JI Daniels SR Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement Circulation 2005 112 17 2735 2752 16157765
- [17]Raffaitin C Gin H Empana JP Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: the Three-City study Diabetes Care 2009 32 1 169 174 18945929 PMC2606808
- [18]Mozaffarian D Wu JH Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011 58 20 2047 2067 22051327
- [19]Salen G Berginer V Shore V Increased concentrations of cholestanol and apolipoprotein B in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid The New England Journal of Medicine 1987 316 20 1233 1238 3106810
- [20]Lamon-Fava S Diffenderfer MR Barrett PH Extended-release niacin alters the metabolism of plasma apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and ApoB-containing lipoproteins Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2008 28 9 1672 1678 PMC2761712 18566298
- Authors
- Bowman, G. L., Kaye, J. A., & Quinn, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bowman, Gene L.
- Venue
- Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 1687-7063 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-7071
- PMC
- PMC3359662
- OpenAlex
- W1982489957
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (AT004777 K23, AG08017)
- National Institute on Aging (AT004777 K23, AG08017)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- dyslipidemia, blood-brain barrier integrity, Alzheimer's disease, plasma triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, lipoproteins, APOE ε4, statin use, mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
