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Cited by 27Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsAntibiotic Resistance in BacteriaAntibiotic Use and Resistance

Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in Isolates from Ghanaian Drinking Water Sources

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Odonkor, Stephen T., Simpson, Shirley Victoria, Morales Medina, William R., Fahrenfeld, N. L.·2022·Journal of Environmental and Public Health
DOI 10.1155/2022/2850165PMC PMC9560817
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Abstract

The control of infectious diseases is seriously threatened by the increase in the number of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic‐resistant bacteria have also been identified in the water environment. A field study was performed sampling drinking water sources in seven districts of southern Ghana targeting boreholes, dams, hand‐dug wells, and streams during baseflow conditions. Bacteria were isolated ( N = 110) from a total of 67 water samples to investigate their antimicrobial susceptibility and to determine their carriage of select antibiotic resistance genes. Bacterial identification was performed using conventional selective media methods and the analytical profile index (API) method. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out using the Kirby–Bauer method. Results indicated that all water sources tested were of poor quality based on the presence of fecal indicator organisms. The most commonly occurring bacterium isolated from water was Klebsiella spp. ( N = 24, 21.8%), followed by E. coli ( N = 23, 20.9%). Gram‐negative bacteria isolates were most commonly resistant to cefuroxime (24.5%), while the Gram‐positives were most commonly resistant to meropenem (21.3%). The highest rates of bacterial resistances to more than one antibiotic were observed in Klebsiella spp. (30.0%) followed by E. coli (27.8%). PCR was used to detect the presence of a select antibiotic resistance genes in the Gram‐negative isolates. The presence of bla NDM-1 , sul l, tet (O), and tet (W) were observed in isolates from all water sources. In contrast, erm F was not detected in any of the Gram‐negative isolates from any water source. Most (28.7%) of the resistance genes were observed in E. coli isolates. Reducing microbial contamination of the various water sources is needed to protect public health and to ensure the sustainability of this resource. This further calls for education of the citizenry.

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  • Two environmental studies reported MDR in S. aureus at a prevalence of 19% and 59.6%.

    “Two “environmental studies” reported MDR in S. aureus at a prevalence of 19% and 59.6% [57,61], while two others reported MDR in E. coli at 28% and 58.3% prevalence [59,60].”

    From A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Ghana from a One Health Perspective (2024) · cites this paper as [57]

    The Results report MDR associated with S. aureus at 59.6%, but the Discussion (section 4.2; page unavailable) clarifies that this is S. aureus’s share of all MDR observed among Gram-positive isolates—not the prevalence of MDR among S. aureus isolates. The 19% figure is attached to the other cited study, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Odonkor, S. T., Simpson, S. V., Morales Medina, W. R., & Fahrenfeld, N. L.
Affiliations
  • Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GH)
  • Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (GH)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Odonkor, Stephen T.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-01
Volume
2022
Issue
1
Pages
2850165-2850165
ISSN
  • 1687-9805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1687-9813
DOI
10.1155/2022/2850165
PMC
PMC9560817
OpenAlex
W4302742507
Cited by
27
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Environmental and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (1846815, 1510461)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, drinking water sources, boreholes, hand-dug wells, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, multidrug resistance, NDM-1, sul genes, tet genes, ermF, fecal indicator organisms, water quality, southern Ghana
MeSH terms
Meropenem, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Cefuroxime, Escherichia coli, Ghana, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Drinking Water

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