Severity of child autistic symptoms and parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Japan and USA: cross-cultural differences.
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between parenting stress and autistic symptom severity in the U.S. and Japan. Fifty-two U.S. and 51 Japanese mothers of children aged 2-12 with autism completed measures of parenting stress and child characteristics, including the parenting stress index (PSI), the social communication questionnaire (SCQ), and social responsiveness scale-2 (SRS-2). There was a nonlinear relationship between the child's autistic symptom severity and parenting stress in both countries. We also found some cultural differences: in the parent domain, the relationships between children's SCQ scores and PSI scores differed significantly between the U.S. and Japan. Our findings suggest that autistic severity symptom scores may reflect cross-cultural differences in parenting beliefs, views toward autism, and response styles for evaluating children's behavior. The findings also suggest that parents need support regardless of the child's autism severity, including those with mild to moderate symptoms. Expanding on this line of research and understanding cultural influences on parenting stress may help service providers and agencies offer more culturally sensitive services, parent-education courses, and intervention programs.
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Parents of children with ASD often experience heavy psychological and caregiving burdens, with cross-sectional studies reporting parental stress prevalence rates ranging from 37% to 80% across various countries.
“Parents of children with ASD often experience heavy psychological and caregiving burdens, with cross-sectional studies reporting parental stress prevalence rates ranging from 37% to 80% across various countries.”
From Acceptance and Commitment Training for Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction says that parents of children with autism have been found internationally to experience higher parenting stress than comparison groups. It does not report cross-sectional parental-stress prevalence rates of 37%–80% across countries; the percentages returned by the search concern stress-score percentiles, not prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSymptom severity and parenting stress might have a non-linear association.
“Furthermore, the third reason might be that the relationship between symptom severity and parenting stress is non-linear (Porter et al., 2022).”
From Mindfulness and parenting stress among parents of autistic children: The mediation of resilience and psychological flexibility (2025) · cites this paper as Porter et al., 2022
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References 48 · Cited by 31
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [19]Azuma H. Nihonjin No Shitsuke to Kyōiku: Hattatsu No Nichibeihikaku Ni Motozuite Discipline and Education of the Japanese: Based on Comparison of Development between Japan and the United States 2004 Tokyo, Japan Tokyo University Press
- [32]Numazawa T. Kanno K. Jiheisyouji wo sodateru hahaoya no sutoresu ni kansuru kenkyu the study about structure of stressors in mothers of children with autism at an elementary school for children with intellectual disability Tsukuba University Research Bulletin for School Education 2010 32 41 50
- [35]Asano M. Furuzawa A. Ohashi Y. Yoshida K. Kadoma A. Yamato M. Relationship between the parenting stress and children’s behavioral feature, family functions and QOL in Japanese mothers of preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Japanese Journal of Research in Family Nursing 2011 16 3 157 168
- [46]Kumar B. P. R. Dudala S. R. Rao A. R. Kuppuswamy’s socio-economic status scale’s revision of economic parameter for 2012 International Journal of Research & Development of Health 2013 1 2 4
- [57]Fujino H. Kamii K. Matsui T. Tojo Y. Hakarino K. Theory of mind, receptive vocabulary and planning in children with autism spectrum disorder Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University. Division of Comprehensive Educational Science 2016 67 2 223 233
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- Authors
- Porter, N., Loveland, K. A., Saroukhani, S., Posey, Y., Morimoto, K., & Rahbar, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Porter, Noriko
- ORCID
- Venue
- Autism Research and Treatment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-07-12
- Volume
- 2022
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 2090-1925 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-1933
- PMC
- PMC9296302
- OpenAlex
- W4285091788
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 5.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Social Science Research Council (UL1TR003167)
- Landmark Charities (UL1TR003167)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR003167)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parental stress, autism severity, mothers, cross-cultural comparison, Japan, United States, Social Communication Questionnaire, Social Responsiveness Scale, parental beliefs, cultural influences on parenting, parental support
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