The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ALK Fusion Partners Impact Response to ALK Inhibition: Differential Effects on Sensitivity, Cellular Phenotypes, and Biochemical Properties
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Oncogenic tyrosine kinase fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are detected in numerous tumor types. Although more than 30 distinct 5′ fusion partner genes have been reported, treatment of ALK-rearranged cancers is decided without regard to which 5′ partner is present. There is little data addressing how the 5′ partner affects the biology of the fusion or responsiveness to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). On the basis of the hypothesis that the 5′ partner influences the intrinsic properties of the fusion protein, cellular functions that impact oncogenic potential, and sensitivity to ALK TKIs, clonal 3T3 cell lines stably expressing seven different ALK fusion variants were generated. Biochemical and cellular assays were used to assess the efficacy of various ALK TKIs in clinical use, transformative phenotypes, and biochemical properties of each fusion. All seven ALK fusions induced focus formation and colonies in soft agar, albeit to varying degrees. IC50s were calculated for different ALK TKIs (crizotinib, ensartinib, alectinib, lorlatinib) and consistent differences (5–10 fold) in drug sensitivity were noted across the seven ALK fusions tested. Finally, biochemical analyses revealed negative correlations between kinase activity and protein stability. These results demonstrate that the 5′ fusion partner plays an important biological role that affects sensitivity to ALK TKIs. Implications: This study shows that the 5′ ALK fusion partner influences ALK TKI drug sensitivity. As many other kinase fusions are found in numerous cancers, often with overlapping fusion partners, these studies have ramifications for other kinase-driven malignancies. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1724–36. ©2018 AACR.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, the PRKAR1A-ALK fusion was consistently demonstrated to be less sensitive to first, second and third generation ALK TKIs48.”
From Co-occurring genomic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer biology and therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Identification of the transforming EML4–ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer
Soda, M., Choi, Y. L., Enomoto, M., Takada, S., Yamashita, Y., Ishikawa, S., Fujiwara, S.-I., Watanabe, H., Kurashina, K., Hatanaka, H., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05945 · Cited by 5,439
Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion–Positive Cancers in Adults and Children
Drilon, A., Laetsch, T. W., Kummar, S., DuBois, S. G., Lassen, U. N., Demetri, G. D., Nathenson, M., Doebele, R. C., Farago, A. F., Pappo, A. S., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1714448 · Cited by 2,824
Global Survey of Phosphotyrosine Signaling Identifies Oncogenic Kinases in Lung Cancer
Rikova, K., Guo, A., Zeng, Q., Possemato, A., Yu, J., Haack, H., Nardone, J., Lee, K., Reeves, C., Li, Y., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.025 · Cited by 2,317
Pankov, R. G., & Yamada, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00059 · Cited by 2,055
Using Multiplexed Assays of Oncogenic Drivers in Lung Cancers to Select Targeted Drugs
Kris, M. G., Johnson, B. E., Berry, L. D., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Iafrate, A. J., Wistuba, I. I., Varella-Garcia, M., Franklin, W. A., Aronson, S. L., Su, P.-F., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3741 · Cited by 1,724
Self-citationGainor, J. F., Dardaei, L., Yoda, S., Friboulet, L., Leshchiner, I., Katayama, R., Dagogo‐Jack, I., Gadgeel, S. M., Schultz, K. R., Singh, M., et al. (2016) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0596 · Cited by 1,180
cAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE: FRAMEWORK FOR A DIVERSE FAMILY OF REGULATORY ENZYMES
Taylor, S. S., Buechler, J. A., & Yonemoto, W. M. (1990) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.004543 · Cited by 1,144
Doebele, R. C., Pilling, A. B., Aisner, D. L., Kutateladze, T. G., Le, A. T., Weickhardt, A. J., Kondo, K. L., Linderman, D. J., Heasley, L. E., Franklin, W. A., et al. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2906 · Cited by 1,083
Melnick, A. M., & Licht, J. D. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v93.10.3167.410k44_3167_3215 · Cited by 1,029
Somatic and germline activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma
Janoueix‐Lerosey, I., Lequin, D., Brugières, L., Ribeiro, A., de Pontual, L., Combaret, V., Raynal, V., Puisieux, A., Schleiermacher, G., Pierron, G., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07398 · Cited by 893
Drilon, A. E. D. C., Siena, S., Ou, S. I., Patel, M. R., Ahn, M., Lee, J., Bauer, T. M., Farago, A. F., Wheler, J. J., Liu, S. V., et al. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1237 · Cited by 833
Mossé, Y. P., Lim, M. S., Voss, S. D., Wilner, K. D., Ruffner, K. L., Laliberté, J., Rolland, D. C. M., Balis, F. M., Maris, J. M., Weigel, B. J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70095-0 · Cited by 727
Takeuchi, K., Choi, Y. L., Togashi, Y., Soda, M., Hatano, S., Inamura, K., Takada, S., Ueno, T., Yamashita, Y., Satoh, Y., et al. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3248 · Cited by 721
Mechanistic insight into ALK receptor tyrosine kinase in human cancer biology
Hallberg, B., & Palmer, R. H. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3580 · Cited by 660
Drilon, A. E. D. C., Rekhtman, N., Arcila, M. E., Wang, L., Ni, A., Albano, M., van Voorthuysen, M., Somwar, R., Smith, R. S., Montecalvo, J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30562-9 · Cited by 494
Zou, H. Y., Friboulet, L., Kodack, D. P., Engstrom, L. D., Li, Q., West, M., Tang, R. W., Wang, H., Tsaparikos, K. E., Wang, J., et al. (2015) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.010 · Cited by 483
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors Harbor Multiple Potentially Actionable Kinase Fusions
Lovly, C. M., Gupta, A. A., Lipson, D., Otto, G. A., Brennan, T., Chung, C. T. ‐., Borinstein, S. C., Ross, J. S., Stephens, P. J., Miller, V. A., et al. (2014) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0377 · Cited by 456
Self-citationIdentification of Novel Isoforms of the EML4-ALK Transforming Gene in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Choi, Y. L., Takeuchi, K., Soda, M., Inamura, K., Togashi, Y., Hatano, S., Enomoto, M., Hamada, T., Haruta, H., Watanabe, H., et al. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6158 · Cited by 439
Epithelioid Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma
Mariño‐Enríquez, A., Wang, W., Roy, A., Lopez-Terrada, D. H., Lazar, A. J., Fletcher, C. D. �., Coffin, C. M., & Hornick, J. L. (2010) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e318200cfd5 · Cited by 389
Lin, J. J., Zhu, V. W., Yoda, S., Yeap, B. Y., Schrock, A. B., Dagogo‐Jack, I., Jessop, N. A., Jiang, G. Y., Le, L. P., Gowen, K. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2017.76.2294 · Cited by 352
Self-citationSplinter, D., Tanenbaum, M. E., Lindqvist, A., Jaarsma, D., Flotho, A., Yu, K. L., Grigoriev, I., Engelsma, D., Haasdijk, E. D., Keijzer, N., et al. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000350 · Cited by 344
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK): Structure, oncogenic activation, and pharmacological inhibition
Roskoski, R. J. (2012) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.007 · Cited by 311
Tyrosine kinase gene rearrangements in epithelial malignancies
Shaw, A. T., Hsu, P. P., Awad, M. M., & Engelman, J. A. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3612 · Cited by 295
Hernández, L., Pinyol, M., Hernandez, S. F., Beà, S., Pulford, K. A. F., Rosenwald, A., Lamant, L., Falini, B., Ott, G., Mason, D. Y., et al. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v94.9.3265 · Cited by 285
Recent Advances in Targeting ROS1 in Lung Cancer
Lin, J. J., & Shaw, A. T. (2017) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.08.002 · Cited by 269
Yoshida, T., Oya, Y., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, J., Horio, Y., Kuroda, H., Sakao, Y., Hida, T., & Yatabe, Y. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2015.65.8732 · Cited by 262
Differential Protein Stability and ALK Inhibitor Sensitivity of EML4-ALK Fusion Variants
Heuckmann, J. M., Balke‐Want, H., Malchers, F., Peifer, M., Sos, M. L., Koker, M., Meder, L., Lovly, C. M., Heukamp, L. C., Pao, W. J., et al. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3260 · Cited by 261
Self-citationAlternative transcription initiation leads to expression of a novel ALK isoform in cancer
Wiesner, T., Lee, W., Obenauf, A. C., Ran, L., Murali, R., Zhang, Q. F., Wong, E. W. P., Hu, W., Scott, S. N., Shah, R. H., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15258 · Cited by 254
Lovly, C. M., Heuckmann, J. M., de Stanchina, E., Chen, H., Thomas, R. K., Liang, C., & Pao, W. J. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3879 · Cited by 221
Self-citationWoo, C. G., Seo, S., Kim, S. W., Jang, S., Park, K. S., Song, J., Lee, B., Richards, M. W., Bayliss, R. W., Lee, D. H., et al. (2016) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw693 · Cited by 214
Sang, J., Acquaviva, J., Friedland, J. C., Smith, D. L., Sequeira, M., Zhang, C., Jiang, Q., Xue, L., Lovly, C. M., Jimenez, J.-P., et al. (2013) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0440 · Cited by 209
Self-citationGreco, A., Mariani, C., Miranda, C., Lupas, A. N., Pagliardini, S., Pomati, M., & Pierotti, M. A. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.11.6118 · Cited by 197
Crystal structure of the ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) catalytic domain
Lee, C. C., Jia, Y., Li, N., Sun, X., Ng, K., Ambing, E., Gao, M.-Y., Hua, S., Chen, C., Kim, S., et al. (2010) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20100609 · Cited by 183
Horvath, A., Bertherat, J. Y., Groussin, L., Guillaud-Bataille, M., Tsang, K., Cazabat, L., Libé, R., Remmers, E. F., René-Corail, F., Faucz, F. R., et al. (2010) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.21178 · Cited by 180
Kinoshita, K., Asoh, K., Furuichi, N., Ito, T., Kawada, H., Hara, S., Ohwada, J., Miyagi, T., Kobayashi, T., Takanashi, K., et al. (2011) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.021 · Cited by 172
Mechanism for activation of mutated epidermal growth factor receptors in lung cancer
Brewer, M. R., Yun, C., Lai, D., Lemmon, M. A., Eck, M. J., & Pao, W. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1220050110 · Cited by 152
Structure of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein oligomerization domain.
Zhao, X., Ghaffari, S., Lodish, H. F., Malashkevich, V. N., & Kim, P. S. (2002) · PubMed · doi:10.1038/nsb747 · Cited by 141
Armstrong, F., Duplantier, M.-M., Trempat, P., Hiéblot, C., Lamant, L., Espinos, E., Racaud‐Sultan, C., Allouche, M., Campo, E., Delsol, G., et al. (2004) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207813 · Cited by 129
Identification of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer
Ren, H., Tan, Z., Zhu, X., Crosby, K., Haack, H., Ren, J., Beausoleil, S. A., Moritz, A., Innocenti, G., Rush, A. J., et al. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3931 · Cited by 124
TFG clusters COPII‐coated transport carriers and promotes early secretory pathway organization
Johnson, A. J., Bhattacharya, N., Hanna, M., Pennington, J. G., Schuh, A. L., Wang, L., Otegui, M. S., Stagg, S. M., & Audhya, A. (2015) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201489032 · Cited by 117
Richards, M. W., Law, E. W. P., Rennalls, L. P., Busacca, S., O’Regan, L., Fry, A. M., Fennell, D. A., & Bayliss, R. W. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322892111 · Cited by 115
Diversity of Genomic Breakpoints in TFG-ALK Translocations in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas
Hernández, L., Beà, S., Bellosillo, B., Pinyol, M., Falini, B., Carbone, A., Ott, G., Rosenwald, A., Fernández, A., Pulford, K. A. F., et al. (2002) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62574-6 · Cited by 107
Beetz, C., Johnson, A., Schuh, A. L., Thakur, S., Varga, R.-E., Fothergill, T., Hertel, N., Bomba-Warczak, E., Thiele, H., Nürnberg, G., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217197110 · Cited by 106
Chen, S.-T., & Lee, J. (2008) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2008.04.016 · Cited by 105
Identification of NTRK fusions in pediatric mesenchymal tumors
Pavlick, D. C., Schrock, A. B., Malicki, D. M., Stephens, P. J., Kuo, D. J., Ahn, H., Turpin, B. K., Allen, J. M., Rosenzweig, M. R., Badizadegan, K., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.26433 · Cited by 105
Richards, M. W., O’Regan, L., Röth, D., Montgomery, J. M., Straube, A., Fry, A. M., & Bayliss, R. W. (2015) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20150039 · Cited by 101
Eichenmüller, B., Everley, P. A., Palange, J., Lepley, D. M., & Suprenant, K. A. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m106628200 · Cited by 81
Structural and Functional Analysis of the C-Terminal Domain of Nup358/RanBP2
Lin, D. H., Zimmermann, S., Stuwe, T., Stuwe, E., & Hoelz, A. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.021 · Cited by 70
Prinz, A., Diskar, M., Erlbruch, A., & Herberg, F. W. (2006) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.01.013 · Cited by 68
McFadden, D. G., Dias-Santagata, D. C., Sadow, P. M., Lynch, K. D., Lubitz, C. C., Donovan, S. E., Zheng, Z., Le, L. P., Iafrate, A. J., & Daniels, G. H. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2611 · Cited by 67
Tognon, C. E., Mackereth, C. D., Somasiri, A. M., McIntosh, L. P., & Sorensen, P. H. B. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.11.4636-4650.2004 · Cited by 45
Emerging Agents and New Mutations in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer
Ayeni, D. O., Politi, K. A., & Goldberg, S. B. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1211 · Cited by 44
Baumann, H., Kunapuli, P., Tracy, E., & Cowell, J. K. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m300018200 · Cited by 43
A Novel EML4-ALK Variant: Exon 6 of EML4 Fused to Exon 19 of ALK
Penzel, R., Schirmacher, P., & Warth, A. (2012) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0b013e3182598af3 · Cited by 40
Identification of RANBP2–ALK fusion in ALK positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Lee, S. E., Kang, S. Y., Takeuchi, K., & Ko, Y. H. (2014) · Hematological Oncology · doi:10.1002/hon.2125 · Cited by 39
Detecting and targetting oncogenic fusion proteins in the genomic era
Davare, M. A., & Tognon, C. E. (2015) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1111/boc.201400096 · Cited by 37
Mazot, P., Cazes, A., Dingli, F., Degoutin, J. L., Irinopoulou, T., Boutterin, M., Lombard, B., Loew, D., Hallberg, B., Palmer, R. H., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033581 · Cited by 34
Evidence of TRK-Fused Gene (TFG1) function in the ubiquitin–proteasome system
Yagi, T., Ito, D., & Suzuki, N. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.02.011 · Cited by 24
Medves, S., Noël, L. A., Montano‐Almendras, C. P., Albu, R. I., Schoemans, H. M., Constantinescu, S. N., & Demoulin, J. (2011) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.040147 · Cited by 23
Oncogenic TPM3-ALK activation requires dimerization through the coiled-coil structure of TPM3
Amano, Y., Ishikawa, R., Sakatani, T., Ichinose, J., Sunohara, M., Watanabe, K., Kage, H., Nakajima, J., Nagase, T., Ohishi, N., et al. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.014 · Cited by 22
Iadevaia, S., & Ram, P. T. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4920 · Cited by 12
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Co-occurring genomic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer biology and therapy
Skoulidis, F., & Heymach, J. V. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0179-8 · Cited by 1,019
Имянитов, Е. Н., Iyevleva, A. G., & Levchenko, E. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103194 · Cited by 538
Krook, M. A., Reeser, J. W., Ernst, G., Barker, H. D., Wilberding, M., Li, G., Chen, H., & Roychowdhury, S. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-020-01157-0 · Cited by 383
Self-citationALK-positive lung cancer: a moving target
Schneider, J. L., Lin, J. J., & Shaw, A. T. (2023) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-023-00515-0 · Cited by 198
Kinase-mediated RAS signaling via membraneless cytoplasmic protein granules
Tulpule, A., Guan, J., Neel, D. S., Allegakoen, H. R., Lin, Y. P., Brown, D., Chou, Y.-T., Heslin, A., Chatterjee, N., Perati, S., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.031 · Cited by 189
Metadata
- Authors
- Childress, M. A., Himmelberg, S. M., Chen, H., Deng, W., Davies, M. A., & Lovly, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lovly, Christine M.
- Venue
- Molecular Cancer Research
- Published
- 2018-11-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1724-1736
- ISSN
- 1541-7786 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-3125
- PMC
- PMC6214753
- OpenAlex
- W2839057355
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- For the Linds Foundation
- International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI) (CA009592, CA16672, R01CA121210, CA213744-02)
- TJ Martell Foundation
- American Cancer Society (ACS) (IRG-58-009-54)
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Damon Runyon)
- LUNGevity Foundation
- V Foundation for Cancer Research (V Foundation)
- AACR-Genentech Career Development Award (15-20-18-LOVL)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Mechanisms and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- ALK fusion partners, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, drug sensitivity, kinase activity, protein stability, crizotinib, ensartinib, alectinib, lorlatinib, oncogenic transformation, soft agar colony formation
- MeSH terms
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Animals, Phenotype, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, NIH 3T3 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
