The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Correlates of Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults
Abstract
The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study administered cognitive function tests to more than 14,000 middle-aged adults in 1990–1992. The battery included the Delayed Word Recall test, the Digit Symbol Subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and the Controlled Oral Word Association (Word Fluency) test. Test performance was correlated positively with education level, negatively with age, was better in women than in men, and better in managers/professionals compared with other occupations. After controlling for these factors, race and community, the findings most consistent for both sexes were that Delayed Word Recall was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, diabetes, and fibrinogen level; the Digit Symbol Subtest was associated with marital status, negatively associated with depressive symptoms, smoking status, fibrinogen level, and carotid intima-media thickness, and positively associated with alcohol drinking and FEV 1; and the Word Fluency test was positively associated with marital status, alcohol drinking, sports participation, and FEV 1. Most of these cross-sectional results were in the predicted direction and have biologic plausibility, but mean differences between extreme categories were small (generally on the order of 0.1 to 0.2 of a standard deviation). Longitudinal study is warranted to evaluate whether small differences in middle-age lead to larger, clinically meaningful deficits with aging.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,866
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J., Burema, J., & Frijters, J. (1982) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,945
Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogens
Clauss, A. (1957) · Acta Haematologica · doi:10.1159/000205234 · Cited by 3,208
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 3,139
The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence
Webster, A. S., & Wechsler, D. (1958) · The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science · doi:10.2307/1141601 · Cited by 1,812
Satz, P. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.7.3.273 · Cited by 850
Heiss, G., Sharrett, A. R., Barnes, R., Chambless, L. E., Szklo, M., & Alzola, C. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116078 · Cited by 839
Self-citationUntreated Blood Pressure Level Is Inversely Related to Cognitive Functioning: The Framingham Study
Elias, M. F., Wolf, P. A., D'Agostino, R. B., Cobb, J., & White, L. R. (1993) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116868 · Cited by 652
Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals
Dustman, R. E., Ruhling, R. O., Russell, E. M., Shearer, D. E., Bonekat, H. W., Shigeoka, J. W., Wood, J. S., & Bradford, D. C. (1984) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(84)90083-6 · Cited by 550
Cardiovascular and Behavioral Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Healthy Older Men and Women
Blumenthal, J. A., Emery, C. F., Madden, D. J., George, L. K., Coleman, R. E., Riddle, M. W., McKee, D. C., Reasoner, J., & Williams, R. S. (1989) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/44.5.m147 · Cited by 388
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1001/jama.253.20.2970 · doi:10.1001/jama.253.20.2970
- 10.1001/jama.256.16.2203 · DOI
Cited by
The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia
Qiu, C., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70141-1 · Cited by 1,138
Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies
Cukierman, T., Gerstein, H. C., & Williamson, J. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 · Cited by 1,049
Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults
Knopman, D., Boland, L. L., Mosley, T., Howard, G., Liao, D., Szklo, M., McGovern, P., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.1.42 · Cited by 883
Self-citationIadecola, C., Yaffe, K., Biller, J., Bratzke, L. C., Faraci, F. M., Gorelick, P. B., Gulati, M., Kamel, H., Knopman, D. S., Launer, L. J., et al. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000053 · Cited by 746
Self-citationBeydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Gamaldo, A. A., Teel, A., Zonderman, A. B., & Wang, Y. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-643 · Cited by 671
Metadata
- Authors
- Cerhan, J. R., Folsom, A. R., Mortimer, J. A., Shahar, E., Knopman, D. S., McGovern, P. G., Hays, M. A., Crum, L. D., & Heiss, G.
- Venue
- Gerontology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-105
- ISSN
- 0304-324X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0003
- OpenAlex
- W2069206202
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 65
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
- www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Correlates of Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1159/000021991
- The paper
- Cerhan, J. R., Folsom, A. R., Mortimer, J. A., Shahar, E., Knopman, D. S., McGovern, P. G., Hays, M. A., Crum, L. D., & Heiss, G. (1998). Correlates of Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults. Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000021991
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
