The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Catatonia: Disappeared or Under-Diagnosed?
Abstract
Background: Over the last century, especially during the latter half, the prevalence of the diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia decreased considerably. Several explanations for this phenomenon have been put forward. Sampling and Methods: The present study investigated the frequency of the diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia in a large sample of admitted psychiatric patients (n = 19,309). In addition, the presence of catatonic symptoms was studied in a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n = 701) and in a group of consecutively admitted psychotic patients (n = 139). In these two groups the effect of the diagnostic procedures on the recognition of catatonia was examined. Results: The diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia dropped from 7.8% in 1980–1989 to 1.3% in 1990–2001 (p < 0.001). In addition, a possible under-diagnosis of catatonic schizophrenia was found in an independent sample of patients with schizophrenia. Application of a systematic catatonia rating scale in patients admitted with acute psychosis identified a bimodally distributed catatonic dimension. At least 18% of these patients fulfilled the criteria for catatonia. Interestingly, the catatonic subgroup used atypical antipsychotic compounds more frequently (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that changes in diagnostic criteria and the diagnostic procedure itself are responsible for the under-recognition of catatonia.
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“In addition, catatonia is also included as a separate category in the ICD-11 [28, 29].”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH)
Andreasen, N. C. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080023004 · Cited by 1,314
Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination
Bush, G., Fink, M., Petrides, G., Dowling, F., & Francis, A. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x · Cited by 1,102
Catatonia in Psychiatric Classification: A Home of Its Own
Taylor, M. A., & Fink, M. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1233 · Cited by 581
The disunity of science: Boundaries, contexts, and power
Danziger, K. (1997) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199722)33:3 · Cited by 528
Catatonia. II. Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy
Bush, G., Fink, M., Petrides, G., Dowling, F., & Francis, A. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09815.x · Cited by 468
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Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00071-2 · Cited by 227
Splitting Schizophrenia: Periodic Catatonia–Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 15q15
Stöber, G., Saar, K., Rüschendorf, F., Meyer, J., Nürnberg, G., Jatzke, S., Franzek, E., Reis, A., Lesch, K., Wienker, T. F., et al. (2000) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0002-9297(07)62950-4 · Cited by 219
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Items 201–207 of 207
Tsang, L. Y., Gomez, R., Graham, J., Bains, S. K., & Bulbena‐Cabré, A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100230
RetractedCo-occurrence of Autism, Psychosis and Catatonia: A Scoping Review
Nyrenius, J., Zander, E., Ghaziuddin, M., & Ghaziuddin, N. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07086-2
Walther, S., & Heckers, S. (2026) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_144-1
Distinct attentional deficits after catatonia in schizophrenia
van der Walt, K., Campbell, M. L., Susser, E., Jonker, D., Wootton, O., McClellan, J., Andreassen, O. A., Ramesar, R., Zingela, Z., Morawej, Z., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.04.023
Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale – a validation of the Danish translation to the English version
Balleby, M. R., Bergström, A., Vinberg, M., Nielsen, M. Ø., & Nielsen, J. (2026) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2026.2735473
Perissotto, T., Scandiuzzi, G., Mano, G. B. C., Olmos, A. C. G., & Filho, G. M. D. A. (2026) · Aracê. · doi:10.56238/arev8n10-115
Metadata
- Authors
- van der Heijden, F. M. M. A., Tuinier, S., Arts, N. J. M., Hoogendoorn, M. L. C., Kahn, R. S., & Verhoeven, W. M. A.
- Affiliations
- Wuhan Wudong Hospital (CN)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Psychopathology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-8
- ISSN
- 0254-4962 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-033X
- OpenAlex
- W2019542000
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- catatonia, catatonic schizophrenia, underdiagnosis, diagnostic criteria, atypical antipsychotics, psychosis, psychiatric inpatients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Catatonia, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Incidence
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