Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Childhood and Adolescence
Open accessAbstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in the maintenance of basal and stress-related homeostasis. The hypothalamus controls the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids, the final effectors of the HPA axis, regulate a broad spectrum of physiologic functions essential for life and exert their effects through their ubiquitously distributed intracellular receptors. Alterations in the activity of the HPA axis may present with symptoms and signs of glucocorticoid deficiency or excess. Detailed endocrinologic evaluation is of primary importance in determining the diagnosis and/or etiology of the underlying condition. We review the most common endocrinologic investigations used in the evaluation of the HPA axis integrity and function.
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Acute stress activates the HPA axis, leading to release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and the SAM, leading to secretion of catecholamines.
“Acute stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, leading to release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol (Lopez et al, 1999;Chrousos et al, 2009), and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system (SAM), leading to secretion of catecholamines (Lopez et al, 1999;Chrousos et al, 2009).”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Chrousos et al, 2009
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References 65 · Cited by 70
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [2]Chrousos GP Sperling M Organization and integration of the endocrine system Pediatric Endocrinology Philadelphia Saunders 2002 1 14
- [27]Charmandari E Chrousos GP Martini L Adrenal Insufficiency Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases San Diego Elsevier 2004 75 80
- [34]Walker JM Hughes IA Brook CGD Tests and normal values in pediatric endocrinology Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology Oxford Blackwell 1996 782 798
- Authors
- Chrousos, G. P., Kino, T., & Charmandari, E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Neuroimmunomodulation
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 272-283
- ISSN
- 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0216
- PMC
- PMC2790806
- OpenAlex
- W2094437990
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- NeuroImmunoModulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008732)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, childhood, adolescence, ACTH, glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid deficiency, glucocorticoid excess, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine, Endocrine System Diseases, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamic Hormones, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Neurosecretory Systems, Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Clinical Laboratory Techniques
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