Gender differences in inflammatory bowel disease
Open accessAbstract
Immune-mediated diseases typically show a female preponderance. Looking at all autoimmune diseases combined, 8 of 10 patients are females. Although not as prominent, gender differences in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been reported for epidemiology, disease presentation, disease course and complications, medical and surgical therapies, adherence, psychosocial functioning, and psychiatric co-disorders. While for some factors evidence is rather good, for others data are conflicting. Gastroenterologists dealing with IBD patients in daily clinical practice should be aware of gender-specific issues for the following reasons: (1) misperception of disease presentation potentially delays IBD diagnosis, which has been shown to have deleterious effects, and (2) awareness of gender-specific symptoms and disease severity allows initiation of early and adequately tailored treatment. This might prevent development of complications. And (3) insights into gender-specific differences in terms of treatment and adherence to treatment can improve disease management and foster a more individualized treatment approach. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about gender-specific differences in IBD and highlight the most clinically relevant aspects.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The development of anxiety and depression is associated with surgical history, disease complications (including extraintestinal manifestations), smoking and female sex.
“Розвиток тривоги і депресії, на думку багатьох авторів, пов'язаний із наявністю хірургічного анамнезу, ускладненнями захворювання (включаючи позакишкові прояви), курінням і жіночою статтю [53].”
From PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
The Psychological Factors section (page not provided) reports that depression is more prevalent in women than in men with IBD, supporting the female-sex association for depression. The passages on smoking and complications discuss IBD outcomes, not anxiety or depression; the copy does not link surgical history, complications, extraintestinal manifestations, or smoking to the development of either condition, or address the claimed association with anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPubertal fluctuations in sex hormone levels may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease, possibly mediated through microbiota alterations, as suggested by male predominance in paediatric IBD and female predominance in adult-onset IBD.
“For instance, paediatric IBD is more common in males, this is not the case for adult-onset IBD where there is a female predominance thus suggesting that pubertal fluctuations in sex hormones levels may contribute to IBD, and this may be mediated through microbiota alterations.(41)”
From Association Between Sex Hormone Levels and Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity—A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 68 · Cited by 198
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia. 2001 Jan; 44(1): 3-15.
- Hausmann J, Blumenstein I. [Gender differ- ences and inflammatory bowel disease]. Z Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug; 53(8): 774-8.
- Greuter T, Piller A, Fournier N, Safroneeva E, Straumann A, Biedermann L, et al.; Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group. Upper Gastroin- testinal Tract Involvement in Crohn's Dis- ease: Frequency, Risk Factors, and Disease Course. J Crohn's Colitis. 2018 Nov; 12(12): 1399-409.
- Schüle S, Rossel JB, Frey D, Biedermann L, Scharl M, Zeitz J, et al.; Swiss IBD cohort study. Widely differing screening and treat- ment practice for osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Swiss IBD cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun; 96(22): e6788.
- Häuser W, Janke KH, Klump B, Hinz A. Anx- iety and depression in patients with inflam- matory bowel disease: comparisons with chronic liver disease patients and the general population. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Feb; 17(2): 621-32.
- Van de Vijver E, Van Gils A, Beckers L, Van Driessche Y, Moes ND, van Rheenen PF. Fa- tigue in children and adolescents with inflam- matory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Feb; 25(5): 632-43.
- Authors
- Greuter, T., Manser, C., Pittet, V., Vavricka, S. R., Biedermann, L., & on behalf of Swiss IBDnet, A. O. W. G. O. T. S. S. O. G.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Kantonsspital Frauenfeld (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Venue
- Digestion
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- Suppl. 1
- Pages
- 98-104
- ISSN
- 0012-2823 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9867
- OpenAlex
- W3003887630
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Digestion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, gender differences, sex differences, autoimmune disease, female predominance, disease presentation, delayed diagnosis, medication adherence, personalized treatment, psychosocial functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Colitis, Female, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
