The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Results from a Web-Based Survey
Open accessAbstract
Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has led to measures of social distancing and quarantine worldwide. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including increases in substance use. Objective: To investigate changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption before and during COVID-19 lockdown and motives for these changes in substance use. Method: A web-based survey was filled out by an unselected population during the social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium that assessed changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption in the period before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and also asked about reasons for change. Results: A total of 3,632 respondents (mean age 42.1 ± 14.6 years; 70% female) filled out the survey. Overall, respondents reported consuming more alcohol (d = 0.21) and smoking more cigarettes (d = 0.13) than before the COVID-19 pandemic (both p < 0.001), while no significant changes in the consumption of cannabis were noted. The odds of consuming more alcohol during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.981, p < 0.001), more children at home (OR = 1.220, p < 0.001), non-healthcare workers (p < 0.001), and being technically unemployed related to COVID-19 (p = 0.037). The odds of smoking more cigarettes during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.988, p = 0.027), current living situation (p < 0.001), lower education (p = 0.015), and working situation related to COVID-19 (p = 0.018). Boredom, lack of social contacts, loss of daily structure, reward after a hard-working day, loneliness, and conviviality were the main reasons for consuming more of the various substances. Conclusions: During the lockdown, individuals consumed slightly more alcohol and smoked marginally more cigarettes compared to the period before the lockdown. Further research focussing on follow-up of individuals at risk may be useful to provide appropriate care in post-COVID times.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because of this, and also due to the observed increase in these unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors following the COVID-19 pandemic [60,61,62]”
From Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of a Transdiagnostic Virtual Reality-Based Intervention for the Reduction of Unhealthy Lifestyles and Behaviors in the General Population (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ahn, D., Shin, H.-J., Kim, M.-H., Lee, S.-H., Kim, H.-S., Myoung, J., Kim, B., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2003.03011 · Cited by 1,033
Life in the pandemic: social isolation and mental health
Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15290 · Cited by 580
Brooks, S. K., Dunn, R., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G. J., & Greenberg, N. L. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001235 · Cited by 547
Alcohol Abuse/Dependence Symptoms Among Hospital Employees Exposed to a SARS Outbreak: Table 1
Wu, P., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Fan, B., Fuller, C. J., Guan, Z., Yao, Z., Kong, J., Lü, J., & Litvak, I. J. (2008) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn073 · Cited by 368
Bansal, P., Bingemann, T. A., Greenhawt, M., Mosnaim, G. S., Nanda, A., Oppenheimer, J. J., Sharma, H., Stukus, D. R., & Shaker, M. S. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.001 · Cited by 222
Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Mental Health Considerations
Perrin, P. C., McCabe, O. L., Everly, G. S., & Links, J. M. (2009) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00006853 · Cited by 177
The Enduring Influence of Drinking Motives on Alcohol Consumption After Fateful Trauma
Beseler, C. L., Aharonovich, E., & Hasin, D. S. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01431.x · Cited by 41
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global epidemiology of cirrhosis — aetiology, trends and predictions
Huang, D. Q., Terrault, N. A., Tacke, F., Gluud, L. L., Arrese, M. A., Bugianesi, E., & Loomba, R. S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2 · Cited by 940
Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated cirrhosis and HCC: trends, projections and risk factors
Huang, D. Q., Mathurin, P., Cortez-Pinto, H., & Loomba, R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00688-6 · Cited by 553
Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Roberts, A. D. L., Rogers, J., Mason, R., Siriwardena, A. N., Hogue, T. E., Whitley, G. A., & Law, G. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150 · Cited by 459
Acuff, S. F., Strickland, J. C., Tucker, J. A., & Murphy, J. G. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000796 · Cited by 222
Sarich, P., Cabasag, C. J., Liebermann, E., Vaneckova, P., Carle, C., Hughes, S., Egger, S. J., O’Connell, D. L., Weber, M. F., da Costa, A. M., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101375 · Cited by 201
Metadata
- Authors
- Vanderbruggen, N., Matthys, F., Van Laere, S., Zeeuws, D., Santermans, L., Van den Ameele, S., & Crunelle, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Vanderbruggen, Nathalie
- Venue
- European Addiction Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 309-315
- ISSN
- 1022-6877 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9891
- PMC
- PMC7573904
- OpenAlex
- W3087429544
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 32.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Addiction Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HRB National Drugs Library (Health Research Board) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, alcohol consumption, smoking, cannabis use, social distancing, loneliness, boredom, unemployment, Belgium
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cigarette Smoking, Marijuana Use, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Belgium, Boredom, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Self Report, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
