International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Insulin and Adjunctive Treatments in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes
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The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) guidelines represent a rich repository that serves as the only comprehensive set of clinical recommendations for children, adolescents, and young adults living with diabetes worldwide. This chapter builds on the 2022 ISPAD guidelines, and updates recommendations on the principles of intensive insulin regimens, including more intensive forms of multiple daily injections with new-generation faster-acting and ultra-long-acting insulins; a summary of adjunctive medications used alongside insulin treatment that includes details on pramlintide, metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors; and key considerations with regard to access to insulin and affordability to ensure that all persons with diabetes who need insulin can obtain it without financial hardship.
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Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 1 diabetes.
“Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 1 diabetes.91,92”
From The future of type 1 diabetes therapy (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
The available passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic information and list metformin as a keyword, but do not discuss its effects. Searches for improved insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes returned no substantive passage, so the claim cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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References 189 · Cited by 17
- Authors
- Cengiz, E., Danne, T., Ahmad, T., Ayyavoo, A., Beran, D., Codner, E., Ehtisham, S., Jarosz-Chobot, P., Mungai, L. N. W., Ng, S. M., Paterson, M., & Priyambada, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Breakthrough T1D (US)
- G. Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital (IN)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- John Hunter Children's Hospital (AU)
- Rainbow Children's Hospital (IN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2025-01-30
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 584-614
- ISSN
- 1663-2818 (ISSN-L)
- 1663-2826
- OpenAlex
- W4406969212
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 11.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- pediatric diabetes, adolescent diabetes, insulin therapy, multiple daily insulin injections, ultra-long-acting insulin, fast-acting insulin, pramlintide, metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, insulin access, insulin affordability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Metformin, Societies, Medical, Consensus
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