Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in a population of pregnant women attending three health facilities in Limbe, Cameroon: A cross-sectional study
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INTRODUCTION: There are few studies regarding GDM in the South West Region of Cameroon. We aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of GDM in three health facilities in the Limbe health district, Cameroon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried in one secondary and two primary healthcare facilities in Limbe, Cameroon during the period 1st November 2016 to 31st January 2017. We administered a pretested questionnaire on 200 consenting pregnant women at 24 28 weeks gestation. We carried out a 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test after fasting overnight. GDM was diagnosed when ≥1 plasma glucose (PG) test result was abnormal according to the IADPSG criteria (FPG≥92mg/dL, PG 1-hr 180mg/L, PG 2-hr 153mg/dL). Data analysis was with Epi-Info version 3.5.4. Associations were analyzed with the Pearsons chi squared and Fischers exact test where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of GDM was 20.5% and respondents mean age was 27.8 (SD 5.7) years. Majority, 13.5% participants had abnormal FPG alone, while 3.5% had any two abnormal values. GDM was associated with: advanced maternal age (OR 3.4: 95% CI 1.7-7.0; P < 0.001), BMI≥30 kg/m2 (OR 6.2: 95% CI 2.9-13.1, P < 0.001), past history of unexplained stillbirth (OR 5.7:95% CI 2.5-12.9, P < 0.001) and history of macrosomia (OR 8.5:95% CI 3.8-19, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With the high prevalence of GDM, identification of its associated factors has the potential to be a target of intervention to prevent poor obstetrical outcomes.
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In Central Africa-Cameroon, the highest prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus is 20.4% using WHO/AIDPSG 2013.
“Egbe et al., using WHO/AIDPSG 2013, confirmed in their study that the highest prevalence of GDM is in Central Africa-Cameroon (20.4%).”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion (Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus; page not provided) reports a high GDM prevalence in the Limbe, Cameroon study, but gives 20.5%, not 20.4%, and says the study used IADPSG criteria rather than a combined WHO/IADPSG 2013 standard. It does not establish that Cameroon had the highest prevalence in Central Africa. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe high gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in Central Africa-Cameroon is connected with an epidemic of obesity caused by incorrect dietary habits and low physical activity.
“These results were connected with an epidemic of obesity caused by incorrect dietary habits and a low level of physical activity.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion (Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus; page not provided) links the study’s high GDM prevalence to increased BMI and suggests dietary habits contribute to obesity. It also says very few women lived a sedentary lifestyle, so low physical activity does not explain the high BMI and GDM in this study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Cameroon, macrosomia, past history of unexplained stillbirth, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, and advanced maternal age were significantly related to gestational diabetes mellitus.
“Furthermore, they agreed with other researchers that macrosomia (OR = 8.5, 95% CI: 3.8–19.0, p < 0.001), past history of unexplained stillbirth (OR = 5.7, 95% CI: 2.5–12.9, p < 0.001), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (OR = 6.2, 95% CI: 2.9–13.1, p < 0.001), and advanced maternal age (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.7–7.0, p < 0.001) were significantly related to GDM [37].”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Sorted by citations
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“Cameroon [23, 47] and Ethiopia [22, 38] contributed two studies each.”
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“This analysis is similar to the studies in Brazilian Public Health Care [74], southern Tanzania [71], in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [63], in Limbe, Cameroon [64], Libreville [53], Punjab, North India [61], Lima, Peru [60], and in Asia: a systematic review [55].”
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“While highest overall rates of 23% are reported from South-East Asia [1], recent studies from Cameroon, Tanzania and Morocco already indicate prevalence rates of around 20% [2-4].”
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“Other studies done in Cameroon and Tanzania reported higher GDM prevalence of 19.5% and 27.9% respectively [15,21].”
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“An even higher burden is documented in West-African nations of Cameroon and Nigeria, where more than a fourth of the studied population had GDM [49, 50].”
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“…between this study and research from Cameroon, indicating that women with a history of stillbirth had significantly higher odds of developing GDM 17 This similarity may stem from robust statistical analyses in both studies, adjusting for confounding factors affecting the link between past…”
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“At present, some epidemiological survey method has already carried out about GDM (Egbe et al. 2018; Bower et al. 2019; Sosa-Rubi et al. 2019), but there are still some problems, CONTACT Mengyan Xu wangkf2000@aliyun.com Hangzhou Women’s hospital, The City of Hangzhou, 310002, People’s Republic of…”
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“Similarly, Egbe and colleagues [11] conducted a crosssectional study which was carried out in Limbe, Cameroon.”
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“This figure is much lower than the prevalence in Britain and the United States (Fitriani, 2017).”
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“However, the findings contradict that of Egbe et al. 18 , where a family history of DM did not predict GDM.”
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“The selection of these variables was based on previous studies [11,12,15, 21].”
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“In Cameroon in 2018, for Egbe et al. no pregnant woman had been tested during the first trimester of pregnancy [10].”
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Boko, W., Abera, R. G., Wolde, M., Gebreegziabher, T., & Demesse, E. S. (2024) · Journal of Medical and Clinical Nursing Studies · doi:10.61440/jmcns.2024.v2.46
“This finding is consistent with studies conducted in Wolaita, Ethiopia and China, and the study also revealed that a history of spontaneous abortion was associated with a greater probability of developing GDM [27, 32].”
ResultDanladi, A., Aremu-Kasumu, Y. B., Sada, K. B., Fasanu, O. T., & Sikiru, Y. A. (2023) · Medical Journal of Zambia · doi:10.55320/mjz.49.4.389
Dislipidemias y su relación con la diabetes gestacional
Maridueña, I. B., Baque, J. M. R., & Valero-Cedeño, N. J. (2023) · Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria PENTACIENCIAS · doi:10.59169/pentaciencias.v5i3.560
“(Egbe, 2018) China 2019 79.064 11.701 (14,8”
BackgroundInfluentialDulipala, P., G, C., Reshma, S., Achyuth Rama Raju, M., Jagannath Rao, D., & M., P. (2020) · National Journal of Research in Community Medicine · doi:10.26727/njrcm.2020.9.1.006-009
Bayat, F., Mousavi, M., Moradi, Z., Afshar, M. K., Shahrahmani, H., & Mohebbi, P. (2020) · Preventive Care in Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.52547/pcnm.9.4.1
“Gestational diabetes has a different prevalence in different parts of the world, which indicates the difference in prevalence between racial and ethnic groups, as the prevalence is higher among blacks, Latins, Native Americans and Asian women [12].”
Background
- Authors
- Egbe, T. O., Tsaku, E. S., Tchounzou, R., & Ngowe, M. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Buea (CM)
- Corresponding author
- Egbe, Thomas Obinchemti
- Venue
- Pan African Medical Journal
- Publisher
- Pan African Medical Journal
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 31
- Pages
- 195-195
- ISSN
- 1937-8688 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6488967
- OpenAlex
- W2900898890
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Pan African Medical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, prevalence, risk factors, advanced maternal age, maternal obesity, stillbirth, macrosomia, oral glucose tolerance test, IADPSG criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Cameroon, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Fetal Macrosomia, Gestational Age, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Maternal Age, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Diabetes, Gestational, Stillbirth, Young Adult
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