Thyroid Diseases and Cerebrovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
Background and Purpose— Acute cerebral ischemia has been described in different diseases of the thyroid gland, and not only as a result of thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic stroke. The purpose of this review is to summarize the studies on the relationship between thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, discussing the main findings for overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as well as for subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Summary of Review— In overt hyperthyroidism, cardioembolic stroke is clearly associated to thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation, and in subclinical hyperthyroidism with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels <0.1 mU/L, the incidence of atrial fibrillation is increased. Although in vitro and in vivo studies indicate a hypercoagulability state in hyperthyroidism, there is insufficient evidence to prove that this state leads to an increased risk of cardiac emboli. However, the hypothesis that overt hyperthyroidism may cause acute cerebral venous thrombosis is intriguing. Possible associations between hyperthyroidism and Moyamoya or Giant cell arteritis have only been described in case reports. There is enough evidence that overt hypothyroidism is associated with several traditional and newer atherosclerotic risk factors, especially hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia. For subclinical hypothyroidism, these associations are less certain. Hypothyroidism has been associated with signs of aortic or coronary atherosclerosis, but no case-control or cohort studies have ever investigated hypothyroidism as a possible risk factor for atherothrombotic stroke. Conclusions— Hyperthyroidism is associated with atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic stroke. Hypothyroidism is associated with a worse cardiovascular risk factor profile and leads to progression of atherosclerosis. Associations between hyperthyroidism and acute cerebral venous thrombosis, Moyamoya, and Giant cell arteritis have been suggested, but sound evidence is lacking. Additional studies are needed to clarify these issues.
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Hyperthyroidism itself has been associated with a prothrombotic state.
“Moreover, hyperthyroidism itself has been associated with a prothrombotic state [78,79] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [78]
The Conclusion says in vivo and in vitro studies suggest increased thrombotic risk in thyrotoxicosis, supporting a possible prothrombotic association. It also says evidence is insufficient to establish increased cardioembolic risk from hypercoagulability, so the claim should not be read as an established clinical association. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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References 139 · Cited by 236
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Karouache A, Mounach J, Bouraza A, Ouahabi H, Reda R, Boutaleb N, Mossadaq R. Cerebral thrombophlebitis revealing hyperthyroidism: two cases report and literature review. Rev Med Interne. 2004;25:920 -923.
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- Authors
- Squizzato, A., Gerdes, V. E. A., Brandjes, D. P. M., Büller, H. R., & Stam, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Insubria (IT)
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine (A.S., V.E.A.G., H.R.B.), Academical Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Internal Medicine (V.E.A.G., D.P.M.B.), Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neurology (J.S.), Academical Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Department of Internal Medicine (A.S.), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2302-2310
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- OpenAlex
- W2145833261
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- thyroid dysfunction, cerebrovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, subclinical thyroid dysfunction, cardioembolic stroke, hypercoagulability, cerebral venous thrombosis, giant cell arteritis, atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, atherothrombotic stroke, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Atrial Fibrillation, Blood Pressure, Brain Ischemia, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Embolism, Female, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Male, Moyamoya Disease, Risk, Risk Factors, Giant Cell Arteritis, Thyroid Diseases, Case-Control Studies, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Thrombophilia, Venous Thrombosis, Vasculitis, Central Nervous System, Stroke
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