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Intestinal Flora Metabolite Trimethylamine Oxide Is Inextricably Linked to Coronary Heart Disease

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Phosphate burden induces vascular calcification through a NLRP3-caspase-1-mediated pyroptotic pathway

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Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels and Calcification in Culprit Lesion Segments in Patients With ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography

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Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disruption promotes vascular calcification by reducing short-chain fatty acid acetate

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Gut microbiota-derived metabolites: Potential targets for cardiorenal syndrome

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Gut microbiota–derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide alters the host epigenome through inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

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Trimethylamine N-oxide impairs perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia

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Differences in gut microbiota structure in patients with stages 4-5 chronic kidney disease.

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Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Mediator Linking Peripheral to Central Inflammation: An In Vitro Study

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Lactobacilli and Their Fermented Foods as a Promising Strategy for Enhancing Bone Mineral Density: A Review

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Human Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Disease

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Gut microbiota, metabolites, and pulmonary hypertension: Mutual regulation and potential therapies

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Gut microbiota-derived imidazole propionate predicts cardiometabolic risk in patients with coronary artery disease

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Higher serum trimethylamine-N-oxide levels are associated with increased abdominal aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients

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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG aggravates vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A potential role for extracellular vesicles

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Beyond the Basics: Unraveling the Complexity of Coronary Artery Calcification

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TMAO is involved in kidney-yang deficiency syndrome diarrhea by mediating the “gut-kidney axis”

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Trimethylamine N-Oxide Generated by the Gut Microbiota: Potential Atherosclerosis Treatment Strategies

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Epigenetics and Gut Microbiota Crosstalk: A potential Factor in Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disorders

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Research development on gut microbiota and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

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Gut Dysbiosis and Probiotic Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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TRIM16 Mediates K63-Linked Ubiquitination of DAB2 to Facilitate Vascular Calcification

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Global research trends in atherosclerosis: A bibliometric and visualized study

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Research progress of diabetic retinopathy and gut microecology

Wang, R., Wang, Q., Bai, Y., Bi, Y.-G., & Cai, S.-J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256878 · Cited by 16

Let food be your medicine – dietary fiber

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Advances in the mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

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A Microbiome-Derived Peptide Induces Apoptosis of Cells from Different Tissues

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Time-updated anion gap and cardiovascular events in advanced chronic kidney disease: a cohort study

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Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) promotes balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia via upregulating Beclin1 and impairing autophagic flux

Hong, Q., Que, D., Zhong, C., Huang, G., Zhai, W., Chen, D., Yan, J., & Yang, P. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113639 · Cited by 15

Trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates vascular permeability and endothelial cell dysfunction under diabetic condition: in vitro and in vivo study

Jiang, J., Zhang, Q., Ren, H., Yao, Q.-Y., Liu, G., & Lu, P. (2023) · International Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.18240/ijo.2024.01.04 · Cited by 16

Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm by inducing vascular inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching

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Gut microbiota: a novel strategy affecting atherosclerosis

Yang, L., Yang, J., Zhang, T., Xie, X., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00482-24 · Cited by 17

A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral/gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities

Motte, L. R. D. L., Giarritiello, F., Sala, L. L., & Drago, L. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07224-5 · Cited by 14

The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview

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Dietary antioxidants and vascular calcification: From pharmacological mechanisms to challenges

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Deficiency of proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein 1 (PSRC1) accelerates trimethylamine N-oxide-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice

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Phenylacetylglutamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide: Two uremic players, different actions

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Cardioprotection effect of Yiqi–Huoxue–Jiangzhuo formula in a chronic kidney disease mouse model associated with gut microbiota modulation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition

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Mechanistic Review on the Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathology of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Trimethylamine Induced Chronic Kidney Injury by Activating the ZBP1-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

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Extrahepatic Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Armandi, A., & Bugianesi, E. (2023) · Clinics in Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cld.2023.01.018 · Cited by 12

Gut microbiota-derived TMAO drives the kidney-bone-vascular axis in chronic kidney disease complications

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Longitudinal Associations of Plasma TMAO and Related Metabolites with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

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Applied physiology: gut microbiota and antimicrobial therapy

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The calcium‐sensing receptor alleviates endothelial inflammation in atherosclerosis through regulation of integrin β1‐ NLRP 3 inflammasome

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The gut microbiota-inflammation-HFpEF axis: deciphering the role of gut microbiota dysregulation in the pathogenesis and management of HFpEF

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Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites: The Hidden Driver of Diabetic Nephropathy? Unveiling Gut Microbe's Role in DN

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The Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Culprits in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mineral Imbalance and Uremic Toxin Accumulation

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Long-Term Treatment of Azathioprine in Rats Induces Vessel Mineralization

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Microbial metabolites and heart failure: Friends or enemies?

Lu, X., Liu, J., Zhou, B., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Mei, F., Luo, J., & Cui, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.956516 · Cited by 11

The Role of Gut Bacteriome in Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

Bikov, A., Dragonieri, S., Csoma, B., Mazzuca, C., Finamore, P., Rocchi, G., Putignani, L., Guarino, M. P. L., & Scarlata, S. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10122457 · Cited by 11

Dietary Patterns, Gut Microbiota Remodeling, and Cardiometabolic Disease

Guiducci, L., Nicolini, G., & Forini, F. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060760 · Cited by 15

Targeted inhibition of PTPN22 is a novel approach to alleviate osteogenic responses in aortic valve interstitial cells and aortic valve lesions in mice

Li, S., Luo, Z., Su, S., Wen, L., Xian, G., Zhao, J., Xu, X., Xu, D., & Zeng, Q. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02888-6 · Cited by 11

Research progress on the association between trimethylamine/trimethylamine-N-oxide and neurological disorders

Xie, L., Li, P., Liu, B., Cheng, H., & Mao, X. (2023) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgad133 · Cited by 13

Roseburia intestinalis: A possible target for vascular calcification

Pan, X., Song, Y., Liang, Y., Feng, G., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39865 · Cited by 11

Emodin Inhibits AIM2 Inflammasome Activation via Modulating K27 ‐Linked Polyubiquitination to Attenuate Renal Fibrosis

Lu, L., Shuang, R., Cao, F., Sun, Z., Wei, Q., Gao, T., Gu, X., Wen, K., Cheng, X., & Gu, M. (2024) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.8390 · Cited by 10

Influence of dietary protein and fiber intake interactions on the human gut microbiota composition and function: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Loss of ADAMTS5 promotes vascular calcification via versican/integrin β1/FAK signal

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The role of trimethylamine N-oxide in disease pathogenesis and the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine

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Gut Molecules in Cardiometabolic Diseases: The Mechanisms behind the Story

Inceu, A.-I., Neag, M. A., Craciun, A. E., & Buzoianu, A. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043385 · Cited by 10

Translational Medicine in Uremic Vascular Calcification: Scavenging ROS Attenuates p-Cresyl Sulfate-Activated Caspase-1, NLRP3 Inflammasome and Eicosanoid Inflammation in Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Chang, J., Kuo, H.-L., Liu, S.-H., Hsieh, C., Hsu, C., Hung, K.-C., Wang, T., Wu, C., Lu, K., Lin, W., et al. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12050769 · Cited by 10

Isoflavones Effects on Vascular and Endothelial Outcomes: How Is the Gut Microbiota Involved?

Laudani, S., Godos, J., Romano, G. L., Gozzo, L., Domenico, F. D., Azpíroz, I. D., Diaz, R. M., Giampieri, F., Quiles, J. L., Battino, M. A., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17020236 · Cited by 10

Blood metabolites mediate causal inference studies on the effect of gut microbiota on the risk of vascular calcification

Huang, A., Ma, J., Zhu, H., Qi, Y., Jin, Y. O., Zhang, M., Yin, L., Luo, M., Chen, S., Xie, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.038 · Cited by 9

STING Facilitates Vascular Calcification via p‐STAT1/NLRP3 Signal

Lu, L., Liu, X., Gong, Y., Zhou, X., Chen, A., Li, M., Feng, L., Lan, Z., Ye, Y., Liang, Q., et al. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202403334r · Cited by 9

Human microbiome and cardiovascular diseases

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The serum levels of gasdermin D in uremic patients and its relationship with the prognosis: a prospective observational cohort study

Zhang, X., & Yang, B. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2312534 · Cited by 9

Identification of Novel Biomarkers and Pathways for Coronary Artery Calcification in Nondiabetic Patients on Hemodialysis Using Metabolomic Profiling

Chen, W., Fitzpatrick, J., Sozio, S. M., Jaar, B. G., Estrella, M. M., Riascos‐Bernal, D. F., Wu, T. T., Qiu, Y., Kurland, I. J., Dubin, R. F., et al. (2020) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0004422020 · Cited by 9

Relationship between arginine methylation and vascular calcification

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Taurine Supplementation Alleviates Blood Pressure via Gut–Brain Communication in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Su, Q., Pan, X.-F., Li, H., Xiong, L.-X., Bai, J., Wang, X., Qu, X., Zhang, N., Zou, G.-Q., Shen, Y., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122711 · Cited by 8

Trimethylamine N-oxide induces cardiac diastolic dysfunction by down-regulating Piezo1 in mice with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

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Sinomenine ameliorates vascular calcification by inhibiting pyroptosis-related molecules and AEG-1 in chronic kidney disease

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From Gut to Heart: Targeting Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Novel Strategy in Heart Failure Management

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Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as a Potential Mediator of an Association between Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) among African Americans at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Baginski, A. M., Farmer, N. M., Baumer, Y., Wallen, G. R., & Powell‐Wiley, T. M. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12121196 · Cited by 7

Emerging Evidence Linking the Liver to the Cardiovascular System: Liver-derived Secretory Factors

Liu, X., Shao, Y., Han, L., Zhang, R., & Chen, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology · doi:10.14218/jcth.2022.00122 · Cited by 8

The role of microbial metabolites in diabetic kidney disease

Zhu, T., Hu, B.-Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Cai, K., Lei, L., Hu, B., Wang, X. H., Tang, C., Lu, Y., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17844 · Cited by 8

Dietary inflammation and vascular calcification: a comprehensive review of the associations, underlying mechanisms, and prevention strategies

Cui, X., Wei, W., Hu, Y., Zhang, Z., Lu, M., Li, Y., Wu, J., & Li, C. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2408447 · Cited by 8

Identification of core cuprotosis-correlated biomarkers in abdominal aortic aneurysm immune microenvironment based on bioinformatics

Hu, J., Song, X., Xu, Z., Wu, Z., Xu, X., Wang, X., Guang, L., Lu, X., Li, B., & Liu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138126 · Cited by 8

Gut microbiome dynamics of patients on dialysis: implications for complications and treatment

Li, C., Lin, X., Li, Y., Duan, J., & Cai, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1470232 · Cited by 7

Immune mechanisms in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: current insights and therapeutic implications

Xu, B., Ma, R., Wu, Y., Liu, C., & Song, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1678640 · Cited by 9

Ultrasmall Cu2−xSe nanoparticles alleviate vascular calcification through inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated inflammation

Liu, D., Ye, Y., Lan, Z., Chen, A., Zhou, X., Li, Z., Wen, X., Xiao, J., Ouyang, F., & Yan, J. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103961 · Cited by 7

MiR-181c-5p-SIRT1 axis-driven Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy prevents ferroptosis and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

Chen, R., He, J., An, N., Xu, M., Wang, L., & Bai, Y. (2026) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114875 · Cited by 7

TMAO Impairs Mouse Aortic Vasodilation by Inhibiting TRPV4 Channels in Endothelial Cells

Zhang, N., Liu, L., Lv, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Wen, X., Fan, Y., & Zhou, T. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-024-10543-5 · Cited by 7

TMAO-Activated Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes Are Widely Distributed in Mice with Different Patterns and Promote Vascular Inflammation

Liu, X., Tu, J., Zhou, Z., Huang, B., Zhou, J., & Chen, J. (2022) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2022/5166302 · Cited by 7

TMAO accelerates cellular aging by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum integrity and mitochondrial unfolded protein response

Varzideh, F., Farroni, E., Kaunsakar, U., Eiwaz, M. B., Jankauskas, S., & Santulli, G. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05546-z · Cited by 6

Berberine and its derivatives: mechanisms of action in myocardial vascular endothelial injury - a review

Zhang, W., Guo, S., Dou, J., Zhang, X., Shi, F., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Lan, X., & Su, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1543697 · Cited by 7

AIM2 regulated by JAK3/STAT1 pathway promotes PANoptosis in intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by concomitant radiation and PD-1 Blockade

Chen, J., Tao, Y., Wang, Q., Niu, G., Xu, Y., Yuan, Z., & Wang, Z. (2025) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-025-02187-w · Cited by 6

Pyroptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as a Potential New Target for Preventing Vascular Diseases

Chang, D., Ji, M., Li, W., Liu, X., Gurung, R., Qin, B., Ye, S., & Qi, R. (2024) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-024-07578-w · Cited by 6

Multi-omics analysis of kidney tissue metabolome and proteome reveals the protective effect of sheep milk against adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in mice

Wei, M., Liu, J., Wang, X., Liu, X., Jiang, L., Jiang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Yuan, H., An, X., et al. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo00619d · Cited by 6

Research progress on the association between TMAO and vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

Zhang, Y., Huang, L., & Ou, S. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2435485 · Cited by 6

Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes vascular aging via inhibiting GATA4 degradation in chronic kidney disease rats

Zhong, X., Li, Z., Liu, H., Huang, L., Yang, F., & Wang, H. (2025) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2025.06.011 · Cited by 6

Uremic Toxicity

Vanholder, R. C., & Glorieux, G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-79135-9.00002-1 · Cited by 7

Potential Trimethylamine (TMA)-Producing Bacteria in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis

Alvarenga, L., Kemp, J. A., Schultz, J., Cardozo, L., Nakao, L. S., Alves, M. R., Rosado, A. S., & Mafra, D. (2024) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-024-04191-6 · Cited by 6

Mechanosensor Piezo1‑mediated smooth muscular cell pyroptosis contributes to vascular calcification

Tao, J., You, D., Feng, Z., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Cui, Y., Lin, K., Luo, B., Yin, S., & Tan, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2025.5637 · Cited by 7

Mice, rats, and guinea pigs differ in FMOs expression and tissue concentration of TMAO, a gut bacteria-derived biomarker of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

Maksymiuk, K. M., Szudzik, M., Samborowska, E., Chabowski, D. S., Konop, M., & Ufnal, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297474 · Cited by 5

Gut Microbiota and Vascular Diseases: An Update

Wu, J., Li, Y., Yang, P., Fu, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2023.0090 · Cited by 6

4-Octyl itaconate inhibits vascular calcification partially via modulation of HMOX-1 signaling

Dong, Q., Liu, F., Zhu, J., Li, M., Chen, A., Feng, L., Lan, Z., Ye, Y., Lu, L., Liang, Q., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177122 · Cited by 4

Plasmatic trimethylamine N-oxide and its relation to stroke: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Chen, P., & Guo, Z. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029512 · Cited by 6

MASLD and the cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic syndrome

Angelidi, A. M., Boutari, C., Kokkorakis, M., Stefanakis, K., Mikhailidis, D. P., Jacob, G., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2026) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnag023 · Cited by 6

Honokiol attenuates oxidative stress and vascular calcification via the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in chronic kidney disease

Xian, X., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., Liu, H., Li, C., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Ye, K., Yang, H., Li, M., et al. (2025) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2025.117318 · Cited by 4

Oral supplementation of TMAO Promotes Vascular Calcification in db/db Mice by Regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB p65/NLRP3 Signaling Axis and the Intestinal Microbiota

Huang, L., Wu, W., He, T., Chen, K., Wang, J., Xie, S., Li, H., Yao, Y., 谭周进, & Wang, X. (2026) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2026.9251123

Correlation between serum trimethylamine oxide and vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

Gao, P.-R., Cui, C.-X., Wu, X.-P., & Chen, W.-D. (2024) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2024.08.004

Research progress on the association between TMAO and vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

Zhang, Y., Huang, L., & Ou, S. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2435485 · Cited by 6

Nitric oxide regulates vascular calcification by interfering with TGF-b signalling

Kanno, Y., Into, T., Lowenstein, C. J., & Matsushita, K. (2015)

The metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate inhibits vascular calcification partially through modulation of the TET2/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway

Fu, M., Lan, Z., Ye, Y., Gong, Y., Liang, Q., Li, M., Feng, L., Chen, A., Dong, Q., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2025.04.016 · Cited by 24