The DOI matches its Crossref record; 147 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anticytokine Agents: Targeting Interleukin Signaling Pathways for the Treatment of Atherothrombosis
Open accessAbstract
The recognition that atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder mediated through both adaptive and innate immunity has led to the hypothesis that anticytokine therapies targeting specific IL (interleukin) signaling pathways could serve as powerful adjuncts to lipid lowering in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cytokines involved in human atherosclerosis can be broadly classified as proinflammatory and proatherogenic (such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF [tumor necrosis factor]) or as anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic (such as IL-10 and IL-1rA). The recent CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) has shown that specific targeting of IL-1β can significantly reduce cardiovascular event rates without lipid or blood pressure lowering. In CANTOS, the magnitude of benefit of this cytokine-targeted approach to atherosclerosis treatment was associated to the magnitude of reduction of the central signaling cytokine IL-6 and the downstream clinical biomarker high-sensitivity CRP (C-reactive protein). By contrast, in the recent CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), low-dose methotrexate neither reduced IL-1β, IL-6, or high-sensitivity CRP nor lowered cardiovascular event rates. Taken together, these 2 contemporary trials provide proof of principle that focused cytokine inhibition, not broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapy, is likely to be crucial for atheroprotection. This review provides an overview of cytokines in atherosclerosis, the potential benefits and risks associated with targeted anticytokine therapies, and a look to the future of clinical practices addressing residual inflammatory risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“particularly inhibition of the central interleukin-1β to interleukin-6 to C-reactive protein pathway of innate immunity that is important for atherosclerosis development 4,5”
From Effects of Randomized Treatment With Icosapent Ethyl and a Mineral Oil Comparator on Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A REDUCE-IT Biomarker Substudy (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Grivennikov, S. I., Greten, F. R., & Karin, M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025 · Cited by 10,755
Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease
Ridker, P. M., Everett, B. M., Thuren, T., MacFadyen, J. G., Chang, W. H., Ballantyne, C., Fonseca, F., Nicolau, J., Koenig, W., Anker, S. D., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1707914 · Cited by 9,482 · cited 8×
“subcutaneous canakinumab given every 3 months (50, 150, or 300 mg).(4) Virtually, all participants were on statin ther-”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationInflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease
Hansson, G. K. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra043430 · Cited by 8,773
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646 · Cited by 6,674 · cited 6×
“This insight eventually led to the JUPITER trial that demonstrated considerable efficacy of high-intensity statin therapy among individuals with low levels of LDL-C but elevated levels of hsCRP.(50)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEvolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Sabatine, M. S., Giugliano, R. P., Keech, A. C., Honarpour, N., Wiviott, S. D., Murphy, S. A., Kuder, J. F., Wang, H., Liu, T., Wasserman, S. M., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1615664 · Cited by 6,138
Martinon, F., Burns, K., & Tschopp, J. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00599-3 · Cited by 6,066 · cited 1×
“Beyond IL-1: the NLRP3 Inflammasome, IL-18, IL-6, CD40-CD40L, and TREM-1 as Alternative Cytokine Targets As critical components of the innate immune system, inflammasomes comprise macromolecular protein complexes capable of recognizing a variety of immune stimuli, including microbial and nonmicrobial pathogens, exogen…”
BackgroundRidker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200003233421202 · Cited by 5,850
Self-citationInflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men
Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704033361401 · Cited by 5,504
Self-citationAge-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes
Jaiswal, S., Fontanillas, P., Flannick, J., Manning, A., Grauman, P. V., Mar, B. G., Lindsley, R. C., Mermel, C. H., Burtt, N., Chavez, A., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1408617 · Cited by 4,841 · cited 1×
“Several recent cohort studies indicate that carriers of CHIP are at increased cardiovascular risk, independent of traditional risk markers.(105,106) Approximately 10% of”
BackgroundC-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Svennson, EC, Madar, A, Campbell, CD, He, Y, Sultan, M, Healey, ML, D’Aco, K, Fernandez, A, Wache-Mainier, C, Ridker, PM, Beste, MT, Basson, CT. TET-2-driven clonal hematopoiesis predicts response to canakinumab in the CANTOS trials: an exploratory analysis. Abstract presented at American Heart Association Scientific Session, November 12, 2018.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–260 of 260
Autoinflammatory disease: New mouse models and therapies
Hoffman, H. M. (2019) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.016 · Cited by 4
Zhao, P., Zhao, M., Zhang, G., Zhai, W., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., & Sun, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1445938 · Cited by 3
Zhang, W., Pan, L., Wu, X., Slivano, O. J., Dong, K., & Long, X. (2024) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2024.107438 · Cited by 3
“Interleukins are a group of chemokines critical to the initiation and progression of vascular wall remodeling [1].”
Jiang, Y., Sun, Z., Ge, Z., Tao, Z., Liu, M., Zhong, W., Dong, N., Xu, L., Wang, H., Xu, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03559-6 · Cited by 3
Hailati, S., Han, M.-Y., Dilimulati, D., Nueraihemaiti, N., Baishan, A., Aikebaier, A., & Zhou, W.-T. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17111433 · Cited by 2
“An important cytokine in innate immunity, IL (interleukin)-6 performs a variety of physiological actions that are typically connected to host protection and the control, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells [63–65].”
Linking Systemic Inflammation to Coronary Lesion Complexity: A Combined FFR and OCT Study
Popa‐Fotea, N., Micheu, M.-M., Câlmâc, L., Scărlătescu, A. I., Zamfir, D., Mihai, C., Bătăilă, V., Drăgoescu, B. M., Ploscaru, V., Popescu, R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110683 · Cited by 2
Ridker, P. M. (2026) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2026.120687 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTung, K., Chen, S. C., & Lee, C. (2026) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keag370 · Cited by 2
“The graded risk persisting over 5–7years supports the concept that recurrent flares identify sustained vulnerability over time [1, 10, 11].”
Sturmberg, J. P., Kissling, B., & Kühlein, T. (2022) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13794 · Cited by 2
High Interleukin-6 Levels Are Associated With Large-Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke
Li, C., Wang, Y., Mei, P., Tung, T., Wu, G., Wang, F., Wang, E., Ni, H., Zhu, X., He, Z., et al. (2023) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0000000000000483 · Cited by 2
Xue, J., Zhou, N., Li, Q., Wang, R., Li, Y., Zhu, H., & Lv, C. (2025) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504251329190 · Cited by 3
“17 Meanwhile, oxidative stress is another important factor contributing to septic cardiac dysfunction, and the use of free radical scavengers has been shown to improve cardiac function in septic mouse models.”
Persistent inflammatory residual risk despite aggressive cholesterol-lowering therapy: what is next?
Arnold, N., & Köenig, W. (2021) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000909 · Cited by 2
Emerging Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Theranostics for Nononcological Disorders
Assadi, M., Jokar, N., Yordanova, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Amini, A., Abbasi, F., Biersack, H., Amini, A. S., Nabipour, I., & Ahmadzadehfar, H. (2021) · PET Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2021.03.009 · Cited by 2
Molecular Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion
Yap, M. L., & Peter, K. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.119.314754 · Cited by 2
Dai, Y., & Ge, J. (2022) · Cardiology Plus · doi:10.1097/cp9.0000000000000005 · Cited by 2
Spinelli, V., Laurino, A., Balducci, V., Gencarelli, M., Ruzzolini, J., Nediani, C., Mandoli, G. E., Cameli, M., Sacconi, L., Sartiani, L., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4777326 · Cited by 2
Soft Substrate Induces Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Disrupts Endothelium Integrity
Tan, Y., Mao, X., & Wang, H. (2021) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2021.92009 · Cited by 1
Сергеевич, М. И., Kozlov, S. G., Погорелова, О. А., Tripoten, M. I., Saburova, O., Khamchieva, L. S., Avtaeva, Y., Zvereva, M. D., Prokofieva, L. V., Tv, K., et al. (2022) · Kardiologiia · doi:10.18087/cardio.2022.7.n2137 · Cited by 1
Bo, X., Zhou, T. J., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Ning, Y., Zhao, D., Cheng, S., Liu, J., & Fan, Q. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm36261 · Cited by 1
“As highlighted earlier, there is a growing emphasis on the benefits of reducing residual inflammation risk through various treatments [30–33].”
Lee, J.-Y., Liu, Y.-H., Hsieh, C. L., & Lung, F. (2025) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504251405328 · Cited by 1
“27,44 Cytokines related to human atherosclerosis can be classi fi ed into proin fl am-matory and proatherogenic (e.g. IL-1, IL-6, TNF) versus antiin fl ammatory and antiatherogenic (e.g. IL-10 45 – 47 Only IL-6 was examined in this study, thus, future work should include other cytokines such as IL-1, IL-1 β , IL-8, and I…”
Nguyen, C., Ackermann, A. M., Marieb, E., Skaar, J. R., Chow, W., Ryali, R., Popadic, L., Wu, X., Ma, X., & Kearney, K. E. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101574 · Cited by 1
Xue, H., Dong, R., Zhang, R., Wang, C., & Tan, J. (2026) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2026.102910 · Cited by 1
Wang, Y.-W., Yin, Q.-K., Jiang, X., Li, W.-S., Yan, M., Liu, C., Wang, S.-Y., Wang, M., Lin, S.-P., Jin, X., et al. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-026-06205-1 · Cited by 1
胡, 丽. (2022) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2022.12121646 · Cited by 1
Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes with an Update on New Interventions
Ward, N. C., Loh, W. J., & Watts, G. F. (2023) · Contemporary diabetes · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26681-2_14 · Cited by 2
The Use of Apheresis in Personalized Cell-Mediated Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Balint, B., Pavlović, M. D., & Todorović, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51712-9_14 · Cited by 1
Cardio-rheumatology: present and future. Part I
Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Vi, M., Trofimov, E. A., & Bashkinov, R. A. (2024) · HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov · doi:10.17816/mechnikov634480 · Cited by 1
Brandt, E. J. (2020) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56514-5_30 · Cited by 1
Lipoprotein(a): A Cardiovascular Risk Factor Affecting Ethnic Minorities
Nelson, R. R., Watson, K. E., & Reyes‐Soffer, G. (2021) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81034-4_3 · Cited by 1
OKUYAN, D. Y., & Gölen, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.28982/josam.953025 · Cited by 1
“observed to increase in infected patients [5].”
Anti-inflammatory Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
Ridker, P. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88286-6.00024-8 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCate, H. T., Kontny, F. P., & Nilsen, D. W. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00066 · Cited by 1
Bilchenko, A. O. (2020) · Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu · doi:10.26693/jmbs05.05.082
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COVID-19 COMPARED TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS, MERS AND INFLUENZA
Markovski, V. (2020) · PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.58395/pipd.v48i2.26
Endothelial Shear Stress and Atherosclerosis: From Mechanisms to TherapeuticsPreprint
He, L., Zhang, C., Chen, Q., Wang, L., & Huang, Y. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3975295
Anti-cytokine Therapy in Critical Illness: Is There a Role?
Marshall, J. C. (2023) · Lessons from the ICU · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17572-5_17
Personalised and patient-centred diabetes care
den Ouden, H. (2023) · doi:10.33540/1762
Current status of cacanakinumab therapy for cardiovascular disease
Liu, Z. (2023) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/hset.v54i.9756
“This will result in some patients who really need it being unable to use it due to its high price and timely treatment [14].”
BackgroundLusta, K. A., Churov, A. V., Beloyartsev, D. F., Golovyuk, A. L., Lee, A. A., Sukhorukov, V. N., & Orekhov, A. N. (2024) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-024-04149-8
“The use of this drug is associated with a decrease in the level of IL-6 and the clinical biomarker CRP, and, thus, with a reduction in ASCVD events [19, 51, 52].”
Мельников, И. С., Kozlov, S. G., Денисович, О. С., Стояновна, С. О., Николаевна, А. Ю., Кузнецова, Т. В., Guria, K. G., Прокофьева, Л. В., Рязанцева, Т. В., & Ахнафович, Г. З. (2025) · Атеросклероз и дислипидемии · doi:10.34687/2219-8202.jad.2025.01.0005
THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF INTERLEUKIN 6 & hs-CRP IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: A CASE STUDY.
Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Shilpa, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, S. T., Muni, S., & Kumari, N. (2025) · Student s Journal of Health Research Africa · doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i3.1645
Cardio-rheumatology: present and future. Part II
Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Vi, M., Trofimov, E. A., & Bashkinov, R. A. (2025) · HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov · doi:10.17816/mechnikov637317
A narrative review of drugs targeting inflammation in vascular disease
Kristan, J., Malesker, M. A., Backes, J. M., & Hilleman, D. E. (2025) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2025.2571944
“More targeted approaches to reducing inflammation by affecting the NLRP-3 inflammasome and the cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 have demonstrated evidence of benefit, but implementation of these therapies has been challenging [2,6,7,10,13].”
Zhu, M., Wang, M., Mo, H., Yu, X., Li, H., Chen, Y., Qiu, X., Zhou, Y., & Xiao, S. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cjac.2025.100683
Zheng, L., Xu, H., Zheng, F., Lai, Y., Li, J., Lv, W., 胡作军, & Wang, W. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21397881
Yang, L., Yue, Q., Fang, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Chen, S., Wu, S., & Yang, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22688853
Yin, T., Li, Y., Ren, Y., Fuad, A. R. M., Hu, F., Du, R., Wang, Y., Wang, G., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14509543
Yang, L., Yue, Q., Fang, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Chen, S., Wu, S., & Yang, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22688856
Li, J., Lin, J., Pan, Y., Wang, M., Meng, X., Li, H., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., 秦海强, Liu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20168276
Télessy, I. G., Buttar, H. S., Wilson, D. W., & Jaglan, P. (2026) · MarineMedicine · doi:10.64187/mm.2026.v2.i1.002
Chang, Y., Li, L., Zhou, J., Wei, M., Zheng, Q., Wang, L., & Zhan, Y. (2026) · The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-026-03633-9
Mierniczek, M., Mierniczek, M., Gloc, E., Dmowska, D., Zdebski, P., Bilińska, A., Kaczmarska, K., Rosołowska, K. Z., Dudek, J., & Mierniczek, A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4444
Stent Thrombosis: A Narrative Review From Pathophysiology to Therapy
Cecchi, E., Granchietti, A. G., Mazzotta, R., Garofalo, M., Panichella, G., Iula, G., Muro, F. M. D., Menale, S., & Marcucci, R. (2026) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.70286
“Several lines of evidence suggest that RIR persists in ACS patients despite guideline‐directed intensive lipid‐lowering therapy and lifestyle modification [50, 51].”
Almeida, L. G. S., Carretta, L. T. A., Falcão, L., de Souza, A. M., Silva, Y. P., de Oliveira, M. P. P., Suruagy-Motta, R. F. O., dos Santos, K. D. A., dos Santos, R. T. F., Surgik, G., et al. (2026) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.1080/14796678.2026.2655394
Cola, R. V., Rogler, G., Biedermann, L., Murray, F. R., Krapf, R., & Beer, J. H. (2026) · Digestion · doi:10.1159/000552011
Targeting immune pathways for T2DM treatment
Kumari, P., Barman, D., & Aguan, K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33590-7.00015-0
Mapes, J., Behl, C., Murphy, D., Nizio, J. D., Noyes, K., & Early, K. B. (2026) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.70193
Shojima, M., Yamada, S., Okamura, K., Suenaga, T., Arase, H., Hiyamuta, H., Taniguchi, M., Tokumoto, M., Tsuruya, K., Nakano, T., et al. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.105054
Liu, Y., Qi, P., Peng, Y., Xu, M., Peng, Y., Pang, W., & Zhu, H. (2026) · Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.5937/jomb0-66887
Iron, ESA, and HIF-Inhibitors: Are There Other Opportunities to Improve Anemia of CKD?
Bonomini, M., Vecchio, L. D., Minutolo, R., Sirolli, V., & Locatelli, F. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15187070
“In addition, given the pivotal role of IL-6 in atherothrombosis [149], IL-6 inhibition by ziltivekimab might benefit individuals at high atherosclerotic risk, such as CKD patients.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ridker, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ridker, Paul M
- ORCID
- Ridker, Paul M
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 437-450
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- PMC
- PMC6386195
- OpenAlex
- W2914237180
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 28
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL101422)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- anti-cytokine therapy, atherosclerosis, cytokines, IL-1β, interleukin-6, TNF-α, CANTOS trial, methotrexate, cardiovascular inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, residual inflammatory risk, atheroprotection, cardiovascular disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1, Interleukin-6 Inhibitors, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Disease Models, Animal, Hematopoiesis, Humans, Methotrexate, Thrombosis, Signal Transduction, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, CD40 Antigens, Interleukin-18, Stroke, CD40 Ligand, Atherosclerosis, Mice, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Interleukin-1beta, Inflammasomes, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
