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A Connection Between Score Matching and Denoising Autoencoders
Abstract
Denoising autoencoders have been previously shown to be competitive alternatives to restricted Boltzmann machines for unsupervised pretraining of each layer of a deep architecture. We show that a simple denoising autoencoder training criterion is equivalent to matching the score (with respect to the data) of a specific energy-based model to that of a nonparametric Parzen density estimator of the data. This yields several useful insights. It defines a proper probabilistic model for the denoising autoencoder technique, which makes it in principle possible to sample from them or rank examples by their energy. It suggests a different way to apply score matching that is related to learning to denoise and does not require computing second derivatives. It justifies the use of tied weights between the encoder and decoder and suggests ways to extend the success of denoising autoencoders to a larger family of energy-based models.
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“Adaptive Denoising Purification (ADP) [273] demonstrates that an EBM trained with denoising score matching [240] can effectively purify attacked images within just a few steps.”
From Diffusion Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods and Applications (2024) · cites this paper as [240]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vincent, P.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Vincent, Pascal
- Venue
- Neural Computation
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1661-1674
- ISSN
- 0899-7667 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-888X
- OpenAlex
- W2013035813
- Cited by
- 1,011
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 131 · 2025: 254 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neural Computation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Neural Networks and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image and Signal Denoising Methods
- Keywords
- score matching, denoising autoencoder, energy-based models, unsupervised pre-training, restricted Boltzmann machine, probabilistic models, deep learning architectures
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Models, Statistical
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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