The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 12 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting
Open accessAbstract
<section class="abstract">Rasauṣadhi, medicinal preparations made of mercury, form an important group of ayurvedic rasaśāstra medicines. Their manufacture, however, is decreasing due to the lack of reliable preparation for its safe and effective use. Rasasindūra is one such mercury-based compound that requires skill and experience to prepare. This practice report describes an event where this product was prepared in the academic setting of Smt. K. G. Mittal Punarvasu Ayurvedic College, Mumbai, in the winter of 1986–7, emphasising the specific skills that are required to make a reliable product, and thus providing a preliminary model for further studies of traditional drug processing techniques. </section>
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
11 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 3 Own result · 2 No basis given · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“contains impurities, unsuitable for medicines, unless subjected to further processing.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Collecting the Transformed Compound
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although having similar components, the rasasindūra that is made after heating black mercury sulphide is considered more potent.10”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The fear of toxicity from mercury, one of the main ingredients, or other metals like arsenic, as reported and publicised,19 has also led to the reduced confidence of ayurvedic physicians to use them to treat serious ailments as was the practice earlier.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This kajjali compound provides the base material for many other therapeutic formulas available on the market today, such as Tribhuvan Kirti Rasa, Sutshekhar Rasa, or Lakshmivilas Rasa.5”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] Sharma, 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When ground into a powder or rubbed on a stone, it becomes red like the colour of the rising sun.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Collecting the Transformed Compound
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The usable part is the reddish dark coloured compound that is collected from the neck or gala of the bottle; this is why it is called 'the rasāyana that gets deposited in the neck' (galastharasāyana).This final product is rasasindūra, the red mercury sulphide.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Collecting the Transformed Compound
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have personally observed and experienced the The iron rod is seen inserted at the top of the kūpi positive effects of these herbo-mineral compounds as they are applied to difficult disease conditions, such as acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, irritable bowel syndrome, even cardiac conditions, and several others.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rasasindūra has such yogavāhi attributes, since processed mercury is its base.It has therefore the ability to add potency to other herbo-mineral substances.As a result, a lesser quantity of those substances is required for the formula.7”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chemically, both rasasindūra and kajjali are mercury sulphide (HgS); but rasasindūra is of red colour and kajjali is black.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rasasindūra is one of the kūpipakvarasāyana, a potent medicinal form prepared in a 'glass bottle' or kūpi.8”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of the inner pit determines the air and heat required for the process.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Puṭapāka in Bhatti: The Heating Process in a Traditional Sand Brick Oven
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The kajjali made with simple grinding is found to be metacinnabar (β-HgS), whereas rasasindūra, the preparation of which involved the application of heat, is found to be cinnabar (α-HgS).9”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the introduction of electric furnaces, which nowadays allow for a controlled and standardised heating process, the varicoloured smoke and vapour, or the absence of vapour, were observed to regulate the heating process (see Fig. 3).”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Puṭapāka in Bhatti: The Heating Process in a Traditional Sand Brick Oven
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rasaśāstra texts describe both the toxic effects of mercury and 18 types of 'detoxification processes' known as saṃskāras.18”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process normally begins in the evening, or at night, since it generates a lot of heat.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heating may be slow, medium, or strong, depending on the ingredients and their proportions.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Puṭapāka in Bhatti: The Heating Process in a Traditional Sand Brick Oven
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sand helps to maintain the temperature, and the cloth covers on the bottle protect it from extreme heat.The sand also helps to keep the glass bottle steady while the mercury is agitated inside.14”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Preparation of Kajjali and Rasasindūra13
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These are some of the assessment skills that a rasavaidya acquires over time through observation and experience.17”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Puṭapāka in Bhatti: The Heating Process in a Traditional Sand Brick Oven
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The changing colours of the escaping vapours with their different shades, as well as the colours of the flame at a later stage in the processing, reflect the ongoing chemical changes due to heating, and these are best seen in the dark.12”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rasasindūra is one such mercury-based compound that requires skill and experience to prepare.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sequential chemical transformation of the substance under process in the kūpi is achieved through the variable parameters of heating the kūpi.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Puṭapāka in Bhatti: The Heating Process in a Traditional Sand Brick Oven
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rasasindūra is an ayurvedic mercurial compound therapeutically used for 'pain' (śūla), 'inflammations' (śotha), 'dermatosis' (kuṣṭha), 'tuberculosis' (rājayakṣma), 'chronic fevers' (jīrṇajvara), and 'haemorrhoids' (arśa); it is also known as an 'aphrodisiac' (vṛṣya).6”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Kalidas Vaidya, 1965
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rasasindūra is also a common formula made by sublimating mercury with sulphur through a heating process, but the result of which is red mercury sulphide rather than the black form.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pressure administered by the person triturating helps to disintegrate the ingredients into small particles; friction generates heat and the movement helps to form the new compound.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Preparation of Kajjali and Rasasindūra13
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This triturated black compound made of 'purified' mercury and sulphur is black mercury sulphide, called kajjali.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Two Medicinal Mercury Sulphide Compounds: Kajjali and Rasasindūra
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sand helps to maintain the temperature, and the cloth covers on the bottle protect it from extreme heat.”
§ Preparing Red and Black Mercury Sulphide in an Ayurvedic Setting > Preparation of Kajjali and Rasasindūra13
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The manufacture of mercury-based ayurvedic medicines is decreasing because reliable preparation for their safe and effective use is lacking.
“Their manufacture, however, is decreasing due to the lack of reliable preparation for its safe and effective use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Skills for the traditional processing of mercury without modern electrical equipment are vanishing.
“Skills relating to the fine art of the traditional processing of mercury, without using modern electrical equipment, are vanishing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation has weakened the ability of individual practitioners to prepare such medicines at their own home pharmacies and to ensure their quality.
“Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation has compromised the ability of individual practitioners to undertake such preparations by themselves at their home pharmacies and also to ensure their quality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changes in the learning, training, and practice of Ayurveda through institutionalisation and modern equipment have created a gap in how traditional processing knowledge is passed on to vaidyas.
“Learning, training, and practising Ayurveda has undergone great changes through increased institutionalisation and the introduction of modern equipment.Over the last few decades, this has created a void in the ways in which the traditional processing knowledge is imparted to vaidyas to enable them to take on the challenges to treat acute or severe disease conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Winter is the preferred season in India for preparing rasasindūra.
“Winter is the preferred season in India to prepare this compound.”
Citations
Cites
Heavy Metal Content of Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine Products
Saper, R. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.23.2868 · Cited by 703
Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine
Rao, R. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Palbag, 2012, ‘Chemical Anomalies of “Parada” (Mercury) and Structural Dissimilarities of Fundamental Groups of “Parada” (Mercurial) Preparation: A Study’, Rasamruta, 4, 1
- Puaranik, 1964, Ayurvedeeya Aushadhikaran (in Marathi)
- Sharma, 1967, Rasa Tarangini
- Kalidas Vaidya, 1965, Rasaratnasamuccaya
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kajjali: An Indispensable Component of Rasashastra - A Critical Review
Mamatha., K., & Anand, K. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20220233
Metadata
- Authors
- Bhatt, N.
- Affiliations
- 1 Mumbai drnsbhatt@gmail.com
- Corresponding author
- Bhatt, Narendra
- ORCID
- Bhatt, Narendra
- Venue
- Asian Medicine
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2013-09-17
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 229-238
- ISSN
- 1573-420X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4218
- OpenAlex
- W1969553480
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Asian Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- mercury sulfide, red mercury, mercury toxicity
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