Costimulation of T Cells
Abstract
Costimulation is critical to T cell activation. On the antigen-presenting cell the key players are found in the extended family of B7 genes comprising cd80, cd86, B7h/B7RP-1 and B7-H1. cd80 and cd86 encode proteins that bind to CD28 and CTLA4 on T cells. Blocking this pathway with the potent CTLA4-Ig fusion protein shows encouraging potential as a therapeutic agent. While cd80 and cd86 pathways act mainly on naive T cells, B7h/B7RP-1 and B7-H1 seem to exert their effects on antigen-experienced lymphocytes.
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CD28 is a co-stimulatory receptor on T cells; engagement by CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells provides a second signal supporting T-cell activation, survival, proliferation, cytokine production, and differentiation.
“In classical immunology, CD28 is best known as a co-stimulatory receptor on T cells. Its engagement by the B7-family ligands CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells provides a second signal that supports T-cell activation, survival, proliferation, cytokine production, and differentiation.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
CD80 and CD86 are potent T-cell co-stimulators, and CD28 tunes the quality, duration, and metabolic consequences of immune activation.
“Early studies in the 1990s established CD80 and CD86 as potent T-cell co-stimulators, while later reviews refined the view of CD28 as a receptor that does not simply “turn on” T cells, but tunes the quality, duration, and metabolic consequences of immune activation [40,41,42].”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In Alzheimer's disease and aging, microglia and peripheral myeloid cells may express co-stimulatory ligands, but the ligand-receptor architecture within the plaque microenvironment remains incompletely defined.
“In Alzheimer’s disease and aging, microglia and peripheral myeloid cells may express co-stimulatory ligands, but the ligand–receptor architecture within the plaque microenvironment remains incompletely defined.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
Without CD28 co-stimulation, antigen recognition alone may lead to incomplete activation, tolerance, or anergy.
“Without this co-stimulatory context, antigen recognition alone may lead to incomplete activation, tolerance, or anergy.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
CD80 and CD86 are traditionally expressed by antigen-presenting cells and bind CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells.
“CD80 and CD86 are traditionally expressed by antigen-presenting cells and bind CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
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References 50 · Cited by 94
- Authors
- BUGEON, L., & DALLMAN, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-10-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- Supplement_3
- Pages
- S164-S168
- ISSN
- 1073-449X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-4970
- OpenAlex
- W2155563436
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- T cell costimulation, T cell activation, B7 family, CD80, CD86, PD-L1, CD28, CTLA-4, antigen-presenting cells, naive T cells
- MeSH terms
- Antigen-Presenting Cells, Genes, MHC Class II, Humans, Lymphocyte Cooperation, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocyte Subsets
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