The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities
Open accessAbstract
India has had a longstanding relationship with the Gulf region that is variously understood as part and parcel of 'neighbourhood policy', 'civilisational affinities in the peninsular regions', and historically as exorable from the colonial space. India also made several bilateral agreements with Gulf countries after bifurcation; thus, it has minimal exports to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The intricate tapestry of Indian expatriate communities in Gulf nations epitomises a confluence of demographic shifts and socio-economic transformations. This discourse endeavours to elucidate the multifaceted challenges and latent opportunities arising from the evolving population dynamics of Indian nationals in these territories. Against the backdrop of labour migration, cultural integration, and geopolitical factors, this analysis seeks to illuminate the social and cultural implications as well as the entrepreneurial opportunities inherent within this diaspora. By delving into the intersections of identity, economic contribution, and transnational affiliations, this examination posits that a nuanced understanding of these dynamics is imperative for harnessing the benefits while mitigating the adversities encountered by Indian populations in the Gulf region. This paper focuses on Indians working in the GCC countries. It covers the historical backdrop of Indian settlement in the Gulf, the contemporary demographic profile, and the economic and social contribution to their host countries, the challenges they face in the Gulf countries, and the emerging opportunities as India continues to grow and the Gulf countries seek to diversify their economies.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review article surveys the historical, demographic, economic, legal, and cultural dimensions of the Indian diaspora in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, arguing that the community is both indispensable to Gulf economies and structurally vulnerable under host-country labour regimes. It concludes that a collaborative approach among governments, community organisations, and the diaspora is needed to reduce exploitation while expanding skilled-sector opportunities.
Key findings
- Indian emigrants number around 9 million, and remittances from the Gulf are estimated at approximately $48 billion annually — about half of India's total remittance inflows — while one-third of all global remittances are directed toward the Gulf States.
- Indians are the largest immigrant group in the Gulf (2010 data); roughly 40% are aged 25–34, and over 50% of the Indian community in Oman and the UAE fall into the "Not Classifiable Occupation" category. Semi-skilled and unskilled workers are concentrated in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, while skilled occupational classes are most significant in Bahrain, Oman, and Kuwait.
- Economic contribution is substantial: over three million Indians work in Gulf healthcare alone; migrant workers reportedly save 55%–75% of wages; and from 1990 to 2010 Indians generated over $100 billion in business and remitted more than $220 billion collectively from the Gulf.
- Challenges centre on the iqama/work-permit system, job insecurity, exploitation of stranded workers, inadequate host-country legal protection, and unsupportive public sentiment toward long-term expatriate integration; opportunities lie in skilled sectors (healthcare, engineering, IT), tax-free salaries, training, and entrepreneurship.
Methods
- Design: a descriptive, non-empirical review/commentary organised into eight thematic sections (historical context, demographic profile, economic contributions, challenges, opportunities, government support, future trends, conclusion).
- Data: secondary sources only — cited literature (16 references) plus figures attributed to 2010 data, UNCTAD 2020, the Economic Survey 2016-17, and reports of Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs workshops across six states.
- Analysis: narrative synthesis and interpretation; no stated quantitative modelling, sampling, or statistical procedure.
Limitations
- The paper states no limitations section; it does declare no conflicts of interest and asserts that informed consent was obtained from all participants, which is inconsistent with a text that reports no primary data collection (evident from the text).
- Reliance on dated and secondary figures — notably 2010 demographic data and a 2015 layoff forecast presented as future-looking — limits the currency of the demographic and labour-market claims (evident from the text).
- Several claims are asserted without sourcing or are internally inconsistent (e.g., the conclusion cites a diaspora "exceeding ten million" against the earlier estimate of around 9 million emigrants), and the discussion of Singapore-based Indian firms sits outside the stated Gulf focus (evident from the text).
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Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
6 Sources not found · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 3 Own interpretation
In the paper
“Notably, the Indian population is predominantly concentrated in the 'Not Classifiable Occupation' category, particularly in Oman and the UAE, where over 50% of the Indian community is classified in this way.[3]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 2. Current Demographic Profile of Indian Population in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Biswas, A. (2021). Changing dynamics of the Indian diaspora in the Gulf Region. In New Perspectives on the Indian Diaspora (pp. 125-140). Routledge India.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“However, a puzzling shift in policy reveals that many GCC nations continue to embrace forceful agents.[9]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 4.1. Legal and Social Rights
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] Khanday, A. H. (2019). Indian Diaspora in GCC countries: Challenges and Prospects. Think India Journal, 22(14), 15263-15280.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the legal frameworks in many host countries often fail to offer the necessary protection and solutions to these stranded workers, leaving them in a precarious situation.[8]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 4.1. Legal and Social Rights
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Khan, S. (2024). Soft power amidst a crisis: Return migration and India’s soft power in the Persian Gulf. In Return migration and crises in non-Western countries (pp. 69-82). Cham: Springer International Publishing. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Presently, Indian migrant workers play a crucial role in the development of the Gulf region, contributing significantly to various sectors, including construction, healthcare, technology, and hospitality.[2]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 1. Historical Context of Indian Migration to Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Anshu, A. Diaspora in the MENA Region and Beyond. UJ Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
In the paper
“Additionally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided critical medical oxygen assistance to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.[5]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 3. Economic Contributions of Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Charan, J. (2023). Indian Diaspora in the Gulf: Impact and Advantages. In Indian Migration to the Gulf (pp. 15-27). Routledge India. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“From 1990 to 2010, it is estimated that they generated over 100 billion USD in business and remitted more than 220 billion USD collectively from the Gulf.[6]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 3. Economic Contributions of Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Ilias, M. H., & Ramakrishnan, A. K. (2024). Gulf studies in India: Reimagining the region. Journal of Gulf Studies, 1(1), 81-97. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, the World Economic Forum has emerged as a leader in promoting international and public-private cooperation on global, regional, and industrial system challenges, which encompass interstate and migratory diplomacy.[16]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 6. Role of the Indian Government in Supporting Expatriates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16] Sekhar, T. R. Navigating Diaspora Space: Understanding Identity Formation in a Globalized World.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Individually, they also enjoy a vibrant retail environment catering to their leisure interests.[12]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 5. Opportunities for Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Pethiyagoda, K. (2017). India-GCC relations: Delhi's strategic opportunity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These firms contribute over 70 per cent of the manufacturing sector's output in Singapore, as reported by the Singapore Business Federation.”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 3. Economic Contributions of Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Singapore Business Federation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Additionally, pursuing further education, such as an M.B.A. or studies in management, financial management, risk assessment, quality control, and environmental management, can significantly enhance career prospects.[13]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 5. Opportunities for Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Pradhan, S. (2013). Oman-India Relations: Exploring the long-term migration dynamics. In Regionalizing Oman: Political, Economic and Social Dynamics (pp. 107-127). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Indian community, which is one of the largest expatriate groups in the Gulf region, plays a critical role in shaping the socio-economic fabric of these nations.”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 8. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This assistance includes crucial services such as healthcare, educational and re-skilling opportunities, personalised counselling, repatriation of deceased individuals, financial aid, food, shelter, legal advice, and psycho-social intervention through phone support-all provided by Indian Missions across Gulf nations.[14]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 6. Role of the Indian Government in Supporting Expatriates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Puri, A., & Sagar, V. (2023). Diaspora Dynamics and Shared Values: Strengthening India-UAE Relations. Boletin de Literatura Oral-The Literary Journal, 10(1), 1441-1450. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dynamics of the Indian diaspora in Gulf countries reveal a multifaceted landscape marked by both significant challenges and substantial opportunities.”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 8. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Predominantly, Indian nationals in these areas are labourers, with the skilled occupational class being most significant in Bahrain, Oman, and Kuwait, where they occupy professional, managerial, and executive positions.[4]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 2. Current Demographic Profile of Indian Population in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Gardner, A. M. (2010). City of Strangers: Gulf migration and the Indian community in Bahrain. Cornell University Press. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Singapore Economic Development Board has identified and supported more than 1,500 Indian firms using Singapore as a regional hub, as noted in the Economic Survey 2016-17.”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 3. Economic Contributions of Indian Expatriates in Gulf Countries
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Economic Survey 2016-17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through these efforts, India is committed to safeguarding the welfare and prosperity of its citizens globally.[15]”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 6. Role of the Indian Government in Supporting Expatriates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Rensimer, L. (2021). Negotiating educational choices in uncertain transnational space: south Asian diaspora in the United Arab Emirates. British Journal of Educational Studies, 69(5), 599-620. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they face a range of issues, including labour rights violations, lack of access to social protections, and cultural alienation, which can undermine their contributions and well-being.”
§ Navigating Indian Diaspora Dynamics in Gulf Countries: Challenges and Opportunities > 8. Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Indian remittances from the Gulf region are approximately $48 billion annually, constituting about half of India's total remittance inflows.
“Currently, Indian remittances from the Gulf region are estimated to reach approximately $48 billion annually, constituting about half of India's total remittance inflows.”
The paper relies on this without support.
One-third of all global remittances are directed toward the Gulf States.
“Furthermore, it is noteworthy that one-third of all global remittances are directed toward the Gulf States, underlining the critical need for India to cultivate robust relations with the GCC States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Indians constitute the largest expatriate community globally, with 85% residing in countries near the Gulf region, particularly within the GCC nations.
“Indians constitute the largest expatriate community globally, with an impressive 85% residing in countries near the Gulf region, particularly within the Gulf Cooperation Council nations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The contributions of Indians are vital to the Gulf's development, with over three million employed in the healthcare sector alone.
“The contributions of Indians are vital to the Gulf's development, with over three million employed in the healthcare sector alone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Migrant workers often manage to save 55%-75% of their wages.
“Moreover, migrant workers often manage to save an impressive 55%-75% of their wages, reinforcing the economic benefits they bring back to India.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Expatriates in the Gulf face systemic challenges regarding their job permanency, impacting their legal and labour rights.
“Expatriates in the Gulf face systemic challenges regarding their job permanency, impacting their legal and labour rights.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public sentiment in numerous Gulf states remains unsupportive of greater integration of long-term expatriates.
“Despite calls for greater integration of long-term expatriates into society, public sentiment in numerous Gulf states remains unsupportive, suggesting a pressing need for policies that encourage a more inclusive approach to cultural coexistence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Gulf region offers numerous opportunities for Indian groups and the private sector, characterised by competitive salaries, appealing lifestyle, robust service industry, well-established legal frameworks, and favourable sovereign risk profile.
“The Gulf region offers numerous opportunities for Indian groups and the private sector, characterised by competitive salaries.It boasts an appealing lifestyle and a robust service industry, supported by well-established legal frameworks and a favourable sovereign risk profile.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demand for skilled workers has decreased, leading to more limited opportunities for less educated and less skilled migrants.
“The demand for skilled workers has decreased, leading to a situation where opportunities for less educated and less skilled migrants are becoming more limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demand for highly skilled professionals is expected to grow significantly, while opportunities for supervisory roles, skilled workers, and unskilled labour will be quite limited.
“The demand for highly skilled professionals is expected to grow significantly, while opportunities for supervisory roles, skilled workers, and unskilled labour will be quite limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Indian diaspora in the Gulf represents a diverse demographic exceeding ten million individuals.
“Despite a shared linguistic bond through Hindi, this diaspora represents a remarkably diverse demographic exceeding ten million individuals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Kafala system creates an environment that can lead to exploitation and marginalisation of workers.
“The Kafala system, for instance, has long been criticised for creating an environment that can lead to exploitation and marginalisation of workers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The region's rapid economic development and diversification efforts have led to a growing demand for skilled labour in healthcare, engineering, and information technology.
“The region's rapid economic development and diversification efforts have led to a growing demand for skilled labour-especially in sectors like healthcare, engineering, and information technology.”
Citations
Cites
City of Strangers : Gulf Migration and the Indian Community in Bahrain
Gardner, A. M. (2010) · doi:10.26530/oapen_627411 · Cited by 221
Abraham, R. (2012) · Diaspora Studies · doi:10.1163/09763457-00502002 · Cited by 18
Rensimer, L. (2021) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2021.1935711 · Cited by 11
Abraham, R. (2012) · Diaspora Studies · doi:10.1080/09739572.2013.807544 · Cited by 7
Indian Trade Diaspora in the Arabian Peninsula: An Overview
Jain, P. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9287-1_15 · Cited by 5
Oman-India Relations: Exploring the Long-Term Migration Dynamics
Pradhan, S. (2013) · Regionalizing Oman · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6821-5_7 · Cited by 4
Soft Power Amidst a Crisis: Return Migration and India’s Soft Power in the Persian Gulf
Khan, S. (2024) · Mobility & Politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53562-8_4 · Cited by 4
Diaspora Dynamics and Shared Values: Strengthening India-UAE Relations
Puri, A., & Sagar, V. (2023) · Innovative Research Thoughts · doi:10.36676/2023.v10i1-003 · Cited by 2
Gulf studies in India: Reimagining the region
Ilias, M. H., & Ramakrishnan, A. K. (2024) · Journal of Gulf Studies · doi:10.1386/jgs_00005_1 · Cited by 2
Charan, J. (2023) · Indian Migration to the Gulf · doi:10.4324/9781003369370-3
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Anshu, A. Diaspora in the MENA Region and Beyond. UJ Press.
- Biswas, A. (2021). Changing dynamics of the Indian diaspora in the Gulf Region. In New Perspectives on the Indian Diaspora (pp. 125-140). Routledge India.
- Khanday, A. H. (2019). Indian Diaspora in GCC countries: Challenges and Prospects. Think India Journal, 22(14), 15263-15280.
- Nayudu, T. (2022). The Indian Diaspora in the Gulf States (Doctoral dissertation, Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta sociálních studií).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
BİR YUMUŞAK GÜÇ ÖRNEĞİ OLARAK KÖRFEZ ÜLKELERİNDE HİNT DİASPORASI
Kalkan, D. (2025) · Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz · doi:10.59281/turkiz.1653235 · Cited by 1
INDIAN DIASPORA IN THE GULF COUNTRIES AS AN EXAMPLE OF SOFT POWER
Kalkan, D. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Dar, Z., & Janbaz, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Kashmir (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Dar, Zahoor
- ORCID
- Dar, Zahoor
- Venue
- Journal of Political Science and International Relations
- Publisher
- Science Publishing Group
- Published
- 2024-12-23
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 135-141
- ISSN
- 2640-2769 (ISSN-L)
- 2640-2785
- OpenAlex
- W4406117637
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Political Science and International Relations (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
- Keywords
- Indian diaspora, Gulf states, Indian expatriates, labor migration, cultural integration, transnational identity, diaspora entrepreneurship, India–Gulf relations, Gulf Cooperation Council, economic diversification, demographic change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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