Insulin responses to glucose: evidence for a two pool system in man
Open accessAbstract
Four rapid glucose injections of 5 g each were administered to normal young adult subjects before, during, and after an infusion of glucose. After the first glucose pulse, insulin responses measured immunologically reached a peak between 3 and 5 min and rapidly returned to base line. A short glucose infusion of 300 mg/min decreased the rapid insulin response to a second glucose pulse (- 58%), but after a longer infusion (20 hr) the acute insulin response to a third pulse was restored to normal. Stopping the infusion was followed by return of glucose and insulin levels to prestudy base line within 1 hr, but a fourth glucose pulse was followed by a supernormal acute insulin response (+ 200%). Other observations during these studies showed that a short glucose infusion of either 100 mg/min or 300 mg/min produced a parallel rise in glucose and insulin, but continuation of the infusion for 20 hr was associated with a "paradoxical" fall in glucose and continued rise in insulin. These observations are considered incompatible with a simple linear model often used to describe the relation between plasma glucose and serum insulin. Instead, a two pool system-one for acute insulin release, and the other a time-dependent compartment for long term insulin responses-is suggested.
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Insulin secretion is biphasic: the first phase peaks around 5 minutes after the glucose stimulus and releases the majority of insulin, and the second slower phase secretes the remaining insulin.
“The whole secretory process is biphasic with the first phase peaking around 5 minutes after the glucose stimulus with the majority of insulin being released during this first phase. In the second, somewhat slower, phase, the remaining insulin is secreted.32, 33, 34”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
The Methods report an insulin peak 3–5 minutes after a glucose pulse, and the Discussion describes a slower phase. But the Discussion calls the rapidly releasable pool small and the pool for sustained release larger—the opposite of the claim that most insulin is released in the first phase. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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References 20 · Cited by 219
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [12]12. Grodsky, G. M., and L. L. Bennett. 1969. Multiplasic aspects of insulin release after glucose and glucagon. In Diabetes, Proceedings of the Sixth Congress of the International Diabetes Federation. J. Ostman, editor. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam. 462.
- [18]18. Eccles, J. C. 1964. The Physiology of Synapses. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Gdttingen, Heidelberg. 54.
- Authors
- Porte, D., & Pupo, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1969-12-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2309-2319
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC297488
- OpenAlex
- W1979768668
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 26.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Washington
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- insulin secretion, glucose, acute insulin response, glucose infusion, insulin kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Female, Glucose, Humans, Injections, Insulin, Male, Pancreas
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