The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Time course of appearance and disappearance of human mast cell tryptase in the circulation after anaphylaxis.
Open accessAbstract
Tryptase, a neutral protease of human mast cells, is a potentially important indicator of mast cell involvement in various clinical conditions. The current study examined the time course of appearance and disappearance of tryptase in the circulation after an anaphylactic event and the stability of both endogenous and exogenous tryptase in terms of freeze-thawing and temperature. The peak level of tryptase after an experimentally induced systemic anaphylactic reaction occurred 1-2 h after the initiating bee sting in each of three subjects, in contrast to histamine levels which peaked at 5-10 min. In some cases elevated levels of tryptase may not be detected during the initial 15-30 min. Tryptase levels then declined under apparent first order kinetics with a t1/2 of approximately 2h. Similar disappearance kinetics were observed for two subjects presenting in the emergency room with immediate type reactions, one with severe asthma after indomethacin ingestion, the other with systemic anaphylaxis after a bee sting. Histamine levels declined rapidly and were back to baseline by 15-60 min. Measured levels of tryptase in serum or plasma were not diminished by up to four freeze-thaw cycles. Incubation of serum samples taken from subjects with elevated levels of tryptase at 22 and 37 degrees C indicated that greater than 50% of endogenous tryptase was still detected after 4 d. Purified tryptase added to serum or plasma and incubated as above was less stable: approximately 50% of exogenous tryptase in serum and approximately 15% in plasma was detected after 2d of incubation. Therefore, optimally samples should be stored frozen, but even those stored at room temperature for up to 4 d should be satisfactory. The best time to obtain samples for tryptase determinations is 1-2 h after the precipitating event, but depending on the magnitude of the initial response elevated levels of tryptase may be present in the circulation for several hours.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the most specific and reliable marker of systemic MC activation is an acute and substantial event-related (transient) increase in the serum tryptase level over the individual’s baseline value.”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“although it was clear that tryptase is the biomarker of choice to define anaphylaxis and thus MCAS based on previous literature data and experience in specialized centers [12–18], a diagnostic threshold was missing.”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“tryptase has been repeatedly described as the most specific and reliable biomarker of severe systemic MC activation in daily practice [12–18].”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the work-up of anaphylaxis, BST levels raise significantly after the episode due to the considerable release by MC and is expected to turn to the baseline value at least after 24 h (28, 29).”
From Defining “Normal” basal serum tryptase levels: a context-dependent approach to improve diagnostics in systemic mastocytosis (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“during and shortly after a severe anaphylactic event where MC release large amounts of tryptase, the serum tryptase level increases substantially over the individual’s baseline (Fig. 1) [12–17].”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions.
Irani, A.-M. A., Schechter, N. M., Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., & Schwartz, L. B. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4464 · Cited by 1,007
Self-citationTryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis
Schwartz, L. B., Metcalfe, D. D., Miller, J. S., Earl, H., & Sullivan, T. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198706253162603 · Cited by 784
Self-citationQuantitation of histamine, tryptase, and chymase in dispersed human T and TC mast cells.
Schwartz, L. B., Irani, A. M., Roller, K., Castells, M., & Schechter, N. M. (1987) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.138.8.2611 · Cited by 500
Self-citationTryptase from human pulmonary mast cells. Purification and characterization
Schwartz, L. B., Lewis, R. A., & Austen, K. F. (1981) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68496-6 · Cited by 419
Self-citationPhysiologic manifestations of human anaphylaxis.
Smith, P. L., Kagey‐Sobotka, A., Bleecker, E. R., Traystman, R. J., Kaplan, A., Gralnick, H. R., Valentine, M. D., Permutt, S., & Lichtenstein, L. M. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci109936 · Cited by 380
Regulation of tryptase from human lung mast cells by heparin. Stabilization of the active tetramer.
Schwartz, L. B., & Bradford, T. R. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38401-6 · Cited by 343
Self-citationAcid hydrolases and tryptase from secretory granules of dispersed human lung mast cells.
Schwartz, L. B., Lewis, R. A., Seldin, D. C., & Austen, K. F. (1981) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.126.4.1290 · Cited by 328
Self-citationEvaluation of human peripheral blood leukocytes for mast cell tryptase
Castells, M. C., Irani, A. M., & Schwartz, L. B. (1987) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.138.7.2184 · Cited by 278
Self-citationHuman lung tryptase. Purification and characterization.
Smith, T. J., Hougland, M. W., & Johnson, D. A. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90620-4 · Cited by 168
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a distinct form of physical allergy
Sheffer, A. L., Soter, N. A., McFadden, E. R., & Austen, K. F. (1983) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(83)90085-4 · Cited by 137
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–456 of 456
Ohtsuka, T., Uchida, K., Onobori, M., Matsumoto, T., 桑畑, 圭., Tatsuno, K., & Arita, M. (1992) · Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.3388/jspaci.6.54 · Cited by 1
Laboratory Diagnosis and Management of Human Allergic Disease
Hamilton, R. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0271-2.00022-5 · Cited by 1
Identifying Exercise Allergies
Terrell, T., Hough, D. O., & Alexander, R. (1996) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1996.11440130 · Cited by 1
Studies on inflammatory markers in the prediction of coronary heart disease risk
Kervinen, H. (2005) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
Basophils and Mast Cells Basic Biology and Clinical Significance
Costa, J. J., & Galli, S. J. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0349-7_7
Tryptase From Human Mast Cells
Schwartz, L. B. (2003) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9264-2_14
Self-citationTryptase, ein Marker für okkulte Mastozytose
Ludolph-Hauser, D., & Przybilla, B. (2001) · Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56437-6_28
Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera)
Barceloux, D. G. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470330319.ch168
Utilização da triptase como marcador de prognósticos em doentes com gamopatias monoclonais
Bicho, D. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Leukocyte activation and inflammation in cardiovascular disease
van Haelst, P. L. (2003)
Protease Mediators of Anaphylaxis
Caughey, G. H. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-951-2_6
“This is because tryptase in the bloodstream, although immunoreactive, has not been shown to be active, and because the timing of appearance of tryptase in the blood after an anaphylactic event does not conform well to kinetics of key signs and symptoms [ 85 ].”
BackgroundRenz, H. E., Becker, W., Bufe, A., Kleine‐Tebbe, J., Raulf, M., Saloga, J., Werfel, T., & Worm, M. (2006) · Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/jlm.2006.034
Labordiagnostik bei der Insektengift-Allergie. Laboratory Examinations in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy
Reimers, A., & Müller, U. (2002) · Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/labmed.2002.016
Role of Tryptase in Anaphylaxis
Przybilla, B., & Ludolph-Hauser, D. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55994-5_24
Mentula, P. J. (2005) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Pulmonary oedema, acid aspiration, bronchospasm and anaphylaxis
Fisher, M. M., & Raper, R. F. (1993) · Baillière s Clinical Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/s0950-3501(05)80249-1
Análisis molecular del gen TPSAB1, un gen polimórfico
Hernández-Hernández, L. (2013) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.122976
Hisada, T., & Kurosawa, M. (1992) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.2177/jsci.15.492
Neutral Proteases as Indicators of Mast Cell Activation
Schwartz, L. B. (1992)
Self-citationTECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING AND MONITORING DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION
Spickett, G. P., Walters, E. H., & Hendrick, D. J. (1992) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00105-9
Subspecialty Clinics: Allergic Diseases Management of Insect Sting Hypersensitivity
Li, J. T. C., & Yunginger, J. W. (1992)
Self-citationAllergic reactions to chemotherapy
Shepard, D. R. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1015-1.00002-3
Management of the Patient with Anaphylaxis
Leatherman, B. D., & Ryan, M. W. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141603677-7.50019-4
La triptasi sierica nella diagnosi di mastocitosi sistemica in pazienti adulti senza lesioni cutanee
Cinquanta, L., Parente, R., Triggiani, M., & Massari, A. (2016) · La Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio - Italian Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13631-016-0121-y
“L’α triptasi è secreta costituzionalmente dai mastociti come proenzima inattivo [11], mentre la β triptasi è liberata nell’ambiente extracellulare in seguito al processo di attivazione mastocitaria [12, 13].”
BackgroundPeebles, R. S., & Bochner, B. S. (1993) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00419-2
Comment rapporter à l’anaphylaxie l’accident observé ? Tests diagnostiques in vitro
Laroche, D., Guilloux, L., & Guéant, J. (2002) · Revue Française d Allergologie et d Immunologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/s0335-7457(02)00211-3
Metso, T. (2002) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Anaphylaxie clinique, facteurs déclenchants et aggravants
Scherer, K., Helbling, A., & Bircher, A. J. (2011) · Forum Médical Suisse ‒ Swiss Medical Forum · doi:10.4414/fms.2011.07549
Biomarcadores na anafilaxia a platinas
Galvão, V. R. (2018) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2018.tde-27032018-133113
“A meia-vida da triptase é de aproximadamente duas horas, retornando aos valores basais dentro de 12 a 14 horas [52].”
BackgroundAnaphylaxis: classification and clinical symptoms
Ring, J., Liptak, J., & Brockow, K. (2014) · doi:10.2217/fmeb2013.13.60
Management of the Patient with Drug Allergy
FISHER, L., & Craig, T. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141603677-7.50015-7
(2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-29662-x_2658
(1999) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62893-1
Homburger, H. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0974-2.00054-3
(1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9064-5.50017-2
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-74025-1.00002-4
Calvani, M., Cardinale, F., Martelli, A. M., Muraro, M. A., Pucci, N., & Savino, F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0621-8_6
Vos, S. D., Demeyere, K., Cock, H. D., Devriendt, N., Schwarzkopf, I., Fortrie, R., Roggeman, T., Meyer, E., Spiegelaere, W. D., & de Rooster, H. (2022) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.008
Approach to natural deaths (adult)
Ely, S. F., & Gill, J. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91796-4.00004-0
Latex Allergy Developing in PACU in a Child with Spina Bifida After Suprapubic Catheter Placement
Wang, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24396-7_10
Lebensbedrohliche Anaphylaxie im Operationssaal
Delago, D., Soos, K., Gschwandtner, M., Kovacs, Z., & Paal, P. (2023) · Anästhesie Nachrichten · doi:10.1007/s44179-023-00176-5
Hamamura-Yasuno, E., Kinoshita, J., Goto, K., Fujimoto, K., Pignatello, M. A., Tsuchiya, Y., & Mori, K. (2024) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.49.163
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Anaphylaxis
Gür, A. K. (2024) · doi:10.69860/nobel.9786053358923.1
Mauro, C., & Decimo, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71283-8_11
Yoshizawa, S., Yoshida, K., Hosono, A., Ota, A., Hakozaki, T., & Inoue, S. (2025) · JCA advances. · doi:10.1016/j.jcadva.2025.100144
Gani, I. Y., Baig, U., Mirza, A., Jallu, S. S., & Chawdhary, A. A. (2025) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib14040092
“Its concentration peaks within the first 10 min and subsequently declines to baseline levels within the following hour [99].”
InfluentialTryptases, a Marker of Occult Mastocytosis
Ludolph-Hauser, D., Bernhard Przybilla, A., & Sommerhoff, C. P. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18738-4_21
Chan-in, W., Vacharathit, V., Tancharoen, W., Duangchinda, T., Mongkolsapaya, J., Thailand, D., Sakuntabhai, A., Singhasivanon, P., Suraamornkul, S., Yingtaweesak, T., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-43199-z
Premières étapes dans l'interaction hôte-pathogène : rôle de l'immunité locale et innée
Michel, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4647f4d2zd802z40abza572z8ff228db523f
Berretti, R., Nicole, P. E. L. I., TRIANDA, L., Bortoli, F., Fasano, T., & Scacchetti, T. (2026) · Allergo Journal International · doi:10.1007/s40629-026-00369-9
Time‐Resolved Multi‐Omics Identify Biomarkers of Immediate Reactions to mRNA Vaccination
Olivera, A., Schwarz, B. H., Dulek, B., LaCroix, I. S., Li, M., Chatman, L., Khalid, M. B., Zektser, E., Laky, K., Hartono, S. P., et al. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70442
AMICI, M. D., Taietti, I., Castagnoli, R., Bossi, G., Randazzese, S. F., Marseglia, A., Caimmi, S. M. E., & Licari, A. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16091360
“…+ 2” equation above the individual baseline; peak 15–120 min; sampling window 30 min–4 h; food-induced reactions frequently show a normal profile [33,38,50,61] Perioperative hypersensitivity (IgE-or MRGPRX2-mediated) General anesthesia, neuromuscular blocking agents, radiocontrast media; paired…”
InfluentialAnaphylactic and Anaphylactoid Reactions During Anesthesia
Fisher, M. M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2903-3_48
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, L. B., Yunginger, J. W., Miller, J., Bokhari, R., & Dull, D.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1989-05-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1551-1555
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC303860
- OpenAlex
- W2024275029
- Cited by
- 456
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI20487, AI-72621)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
- Keywords
- tryptase, mast cells, anaphylaxis, bee stings, histamine, freeze-thaw cycles, sample storage, immediate hypersensitivity, serum biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anaphylaxis, Body Temperature, Child, Preschool, Female, Freezing, Histamine Release, Humans, Kinetics, Mast Cells, Peptide Hydrolases, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
