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The alpha form of human tryptase is the predominant type present in blood at baseline in normal subjects and is elevated in those with systemic mastocytosis.
Open accessAbstract
Tryptase, a protease produced by all mast cells, was evaluated as a clinical marker of systemic mastocytosis. Two sandwich immunoassays were evaluated, one which used the mAb G5 for capture, the other which used B12 for capture. The B12 capture assay measured both recombinant alpha- and beta-tryptase, whereas the G5 capture assay measured primarily recombinant beta-tryptase. G5 binds with low affinity to both recombinant alpha-tryptase and tryptase in blood from normal and nonacute mastocytosis subjects, and binds with high affinity to recombinant beta-tryptase, tryptase in serum during anaphylaxis, and tryptase stored in mast cell secretory granules. B12 recognizes all of these forms of tryptase with high affinity. As reported previously, during systemic anaphylaxis in patients without known mastocytosis, the ratio of B12- to G5-measured tryptase was always < 5 and approached unity (Schwartz L.B., T.R. Bradford, C. Rouse, A.-M. Irani, G. Rasp, J.K. Van der Zwan and P.-W.G. Van der Linden, J. Clin. Immunol. 14:190-204). In this report, most mastocytosis patients with systemic disease have B12-measured tryptase levels that are elevated (> 20 ng/ml) and are at least 10-fold greater than the corresponding G5-measured tryptase level. Most of those subjects with B12-measured tryptase levels of < 20 ng/ml had only cutaneous manifestations. The B12 assay for alpha-tryptase and beta-tryptase, particularly when performed in conjunction with the G5 assay for beta-tryptase, provides a more precise measure of mast cell involvement than currently available assessments, a promising potential screening test for systemic mastocytosis and may provide an improved means to follow disease progression and response to therapy.
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“the most specific and reliable marker of systemic MC activation is an acute and substantial event-related (transient) increase in the serum tryptase level over the individual’s baseline value.”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“although it was clear that tryptase is the biomarker of choice to define anaphylaxis and thus MCAS based on previous literature data and experience in specialized centers [12–18], a diagnostic threshold was missing.”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“tryptase has been repeatedly described as the most specific and reliable biomarker of severe systemic MC activation in daily practice [12–18].”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“during and shortly after a severe anaphylactic event where MC release large amounts of tryptase, the serum tryptase level increases substantially over the individual’s baseline (Fig. 1) [12–17].”
From Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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Citations
Cites
Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid
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Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions.
Irani, A.-M. A., Schechter, N. M., Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., & Schwartz, L. B. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4464 · Cited by 1,007
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Self-citationTryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis
Schwartz, L. B., Metcalfe, D. D., Miller, J. S., Earl, H., & Sullivan, T. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198706253162603 · Cited by 784
Self-citationEstablishment of a human cell line (mono mac 6) with characteristics of mature monocytes
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Quantitation of histamine, tryptase, and chymase in dispersed human T and TC mast cells.
Schwartz, L. B., Irani, A. M., Roller, K., Castells, M., & Schechter, N. M. (1987) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.138.8.2611 · Cited by 500
Self-citationClassification and Diagnosis of Mastocytosis: Current Status
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Self-citationEvaluation of human peripheral blood leukocytes for mast cell tryptase
Castells, M. C., Irani, A. M., & Schwartz, L. B. (1987) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.138.7.2184 · Cited by 278
Self-citationDevelopment of a new, more sensitive immunoassay for human tryptase: use in systemic anaphylaxis
Schwartz, L. B., Bradford, T. R., Rouse, C., Irani, A.-M., Rasp, G., Van Der Zwan, J. K., & Van Der Linden, P.-W. G. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/bf01533368 · Cited by 263
Self-citationHuman mast cell tryptase: multiple cDNAs and genes reveal a multigene serine protease family.
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Self-citationCloning and characterization of complementary DNA for human tryptase.
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Self-citationCloning and characterization of a second complementary DNA for human tryptase.
Miller, J. S., Moxley, G. F., & Schwartz, L. B. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114786 · Cited by 177
Self-citationvan der Linden, P.-W. G., Hack, C. E., Poortman, J., Vivié-Kipp, Y. C., Struyvenberg, A., & van der Zwan, J. K. (1992) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(06)80017-5 · Cited by 164
The Treatment of Mastocytosis: An Overview
Metcalfe, D. D. (1991) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12469049 · Cited by 123
Self-citationSchwartz, L. B. (1985) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.134.1.526 · Cited by 114
Self-citationXia, H. Z., Kepley, C. L., Sakai, K., Chelliah, J., Irani, A. M., & Schwartz, L. B. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5472 · Cited by 110
Self-citationMast cell number and phenotype in chronic idiopathic urticaria
Smith, C. H., Kepley, C. L., Schwartz, L. B., & Lee, T. H. (1995) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70055-2 · Cited by 100
Self-citationA new radioimmunoassay for human mast cell tryptase using monoclonal antibodies
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Self-citationAusten, K. F. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199202273260912 · Cited by 67
Mast cells in cutaneous mastocytosis: accumulation of the MCTC type
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Self-citationExpression of a Mast Cell Tryptase in the Human Monocytic Cell Lines U‐937 and Mono Mac 6
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Expression and Purification of Recombinant Human Tryptase in a Baculovirus System
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Self-citationGranérus, G., Lönnqvist, B., & Roupe, G. (1994) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/bf02007796 · Cited by 17
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Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis: a consensus proposal
Valent, P., Horny, H., Escribano, L., Longley, B. J., Li, C. Y., Schwartz, L. B., Marone, G., Núñez, R., Akin, C., Sotlar, K., et al. (2001) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00038-8 · Cited by 1,114
Self-citationValent, P., Akin, C., Escribano, L., Födinger, M., Hartmann, K., Brockow, K., Castells, M., Sperr, W. R., Kluin‐Nelemans, H. C., Hamdy, N. A. T., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01807.x · Cited by 750
Self-citationAllergy Diagnostic Testing: An Updated Practice Parameter
Bernstein, I. L., Li, J. T., Bernstein, D. I., Hamilton, R., Spector, S. L., Tan, R., Sicherer, S., Golden, D. B. K., Khan, D. A., Nicklas, R. A., et al. (2008) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60305-5 · Cited by 723
Valent, P., Akin, C., Arock, M., Brockow, K., Butterfield, J. H., Carter, M. C., Castells, M., Escribano, L., Hartmann, K., Lieberman, P., et al. (2012) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000328760 · Cited by 654
Self-citationInteractions of Mast Cell Tryptase with Thrombin Receptors and PAR-2
Molino, M., Barnathan, E. S., Numerof, R. P., Clark, J., Dreyer, M. L., Cumashi, A., Hoxie, J. A., Schechter, N. M., Woolkalís, M. J., & Brass, L. F. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.7.4043 · Cited by 592
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, L. B., Sakai, K., Bradford, T. R., Ren, S., Zweiman, B., Worobec, A. S., & Metcalfe, D. D.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1995-12-01
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2702-2710
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC185977
- OpenAlex
- W2107108810
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai014332-21)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-14332, AI20487, AI-27517, R01AI027517)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Platelet Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- tryptase, beta-tryptase, systemic mastocytosis, mast cells, serum tryptase, anaphylaxis, sandwich immunoassay, diagnostic biomarkers, cutaneous mastocytosis, disease progression monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Anaphylaxis, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Humans, Isoenzymes, Kinetics, Mast Cells, Mastocytosis, Recombinant Proteins, Reference Values, Serine Endopeptidases, Blotting, Western, Biomarkers, Mice, Tryptases, Chymases
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