Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 854

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The New GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM2–LM2: Evaluation with Prescribed SST Simulations

·2004·Journal of Climate
DOI 10.1175/jcli-3223.1
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The configuration and performance of a new global atmosphere and land model for climate research developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are presented. The atmosphere model, known as AM2, includes a new gridpoint dynamical core, a prognostic cloud scheme, and a multispecies aerosol climatology, as well as components from previous models used at GFDL. The land model, known as LM2, includes soil sensible and latent heat storage, groundwater storage, and stomatal resistance. The performance of the coupled model AM2–LM2 is evaluated with a series of prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations. Particular focus is given to the model's climatology and the characteristics of interannual variability related to E1 Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One AM2–LM2 integration was performed according to the prescriptions of the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) and data were submitted to the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). Particular strengths of AM2–LM2, as judged by comparison to other models participating in AMIP II, include its circulation and distributions of precipitation. Prominent problems of AM2– LM2 include a cold bias to surface and tropospheric temperatures, weak tropical cyclone activity, and weak tropical intraseasonal activity associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation. An ensemble of 10 AM2–LM2 integrations with observed SSTs for the second half of the twentieth century permits a statistically reliable assessment of the model's response to ENSO. In general, AM2–LM2 produces a realistic simulation of the anomalies in tropical precipitation and extratropical circulation that are associated with ENSO.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1175/jcli-3223.1

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 85 references

Research works printed but not linked: 23

  1. Alexander, 1999, A spectral parameterization of mean-flow forcing due to breaking gravity waves., J. Atmos. Sci, 56, 4167, 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056
  2. Bengtsson, 1995, Hurricane-type vortices in a general circulation model., Tellus, 47A, 175, 10.3402/tellusa.v47i2.11500 · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v47i2.11500
  3. CERSAT-IFREMER, 2002, ERS-1, ERS-2, and NSCAT. Vol. 1. Mean wind fields (MWF product). User manual.
  4. Darnell, 1988, Estimation of surface insolation using sun-synchronous satellite data., J. Climate, 1, 820, 10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001<0820:EOSIUS>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001
  5. Donner, 1997, Large-scale ice clouds in the GFDL SKYHI general circulation model., J. Geophys. Res, 102, 21745, 10.1029/97JD01488 · doi:10.1029/97jd01488
  6. Gadd, 1978, A split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 104, 569, 10.1002/qj.49710444103 · doi:10.1002/qj.49710444103
  7. Gupta, 1992, A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements., J. Appl. Meteor, 31, 1361, 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1361:APFLSR>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031
  8. Hamilton, 1995, Climatology of the SKYHI troposphere–stratosphere–mesosphere general circulation model., J. Atmos. Sci, 52, 5, 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0005:COTSTG>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052
  9. Jakob, 2000, A parameterization of the effects of cloud and precipitation overlap for use in general circulation models., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 126, 2525, 10.1002/qj.49712656809 · doi:10.1002/qj.49712656809
  10. Kershaw, 2000, The numerical stability of a parameterization of convective momentum transport., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 126, 2981, 10.1002/qj.49712656918 · doi:10.1002/qj.49712656918
  11. Kurihara, 1976, An iterative time integration scheme designed to preserve a low-frequency wave., Mon. Wea. Rev, 104, 761, 10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<0761:AITISD>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104
  12. Lin, 1994, A class of the van Leer-type transport schemes and its application to the moisture transport in a general circulation model., Mon. Wea. Rev, 122, 1575, 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1575:ACOTVL>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122
  13. Lindberg, 1996, Representation of topography in spectral climate models and its effect on simulated precipitation., J. Climate, 9, 2641, 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2641:ROTISC>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009
  14. Mapes, 2001, Convective eddy momentum tendencies in long cloud-resolving model simulations., J. Atmos. Sci, 58, 517, 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0517:NACCEM>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058
  15. Mesinger, 1977, Forward–backward scheme, and its use in a limited area model., Contrib. Atmos. Phys, 50, 186
  16. Pincus, 2000, Unresolved spatial variability and microphysical process rates in large-scale models., J. Geophys. Res, 105, 27059, 10.1029/2000JD900504 · doi:10.1029/2000jd900504
  17. Ramaswamy, 2002, Effects of ozone and well-mixed gases on annual-mean stratospheric temperature trends., 10.1029/2002GL015141 · doi:10.1029/2002gl015141
  18. Rotstayn, 1997, A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of microphysical processes., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 123, 1227
  19. Rotstayn, 2000, A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds in large-scale models., Mon. Wea. Rev, 128, 1070, 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1070:ASFCOT>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128
  20. Stern, 1995, Feasibility of seasonal forecasts inferred from multiple GCM simulations., J. Climate, 8, 1071, 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1071:FOSFIF>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008
  21. Sud, 1999, Microphysics of clouds with the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert scheme (McRAS). Part I: Design and evaluation with GATE phase III data., J. Atmos. Sci, 56, 3196, 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3196:MOCWTR>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056
  22. Weng, 1997, Cloud liquid water climatology from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager., J. Climate, 10, 1086, 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1086:CLWCFT>2.0.CO;2 · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010
  23. Wood, 1993, The pressure force induced by neutral turbulent flow over hills., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 119, 1233, 10.1002/qj.49711951402 · doi:10.1002/qj.49711951402

Cited by

See all 854

Metadata

Venue
Journal of Climate
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Published
2004-12-15
Volume
17
Issue
24
Pages
4641-4673
ISSN
  • 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-0442
DOI
10.1175/jcli-3223.1
OpenAlex
W2148592335
Cited by
854
References
85
FWCI
40.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The New GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM2–LM2: Evaluation with Prescribed SST Simulations. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1175/jcli-3223.1
The paper
The New GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM2–LM2: Evaluation with Prescribed SST Simulations. (2004). Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3223.1

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.