The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Simulated Climate and Climate Change in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model
Open accessAbstract
The authors present results for simulated climate and climate change from a newly developed high-resolution global climate model [Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.5 (GFDL CM2.5)]. The GFDL CM2.5 has an atmospheric resolution of approximately 50 km in the horizontal, with 32 vertical levels. The horizontal resolution in the ocean ranges from 28 km in the tropics to 8 km at high latitudes, with 50 vertical levels. This resolution allows the explicit simulation of some mesoscale eddies in the ocean, particularly at lower latitudes. Analyses are presented based on the output of a 280-yr control simulation; also presented are results based on a 140-yr simulation in which atmospheric CO2 increases at 1% yr−1 until doubling after 70 yr. Results are compared to GFDL CM2.1, which has somewhat similar physics but a coarser resolution. The simulated climate in CM2.5 shows marked improvement over many regions, especially the tropics, including a reduction in the double ITCZ and an improved simulation of ENSO. Regional precipitation features are much improved. The Indian monsoon and Amazonian rainfall are also substantially more realistic in CM2.5. The response of CM2.5 to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 has many features in common with CM2.1, with some notable differences. For example, rainfall changes over the Mediterranean appear to be tightly linked to topography in CM2.5, in contrast to CM2.1 where the response is more spatially homogeneous. In addition, in CM2.5 the near-surface ocean warms substantially in the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean, in contrast to simulations using CM2.1.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., et al. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 28,360
World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., & Rubel, F. (2006) · Meteorologische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 · Cited by 11,456
Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A. T. C., Ferraro, R. R., Xie, P., Janowiak, J. E., Rudolf, B., Schneider, U., Curtis, S., Bolvin, D. T., et al. (2003) · Journal of Hydrometeorology · doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:tvgpcp>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 5,425
Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming
Held, I. M., & Soden, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3990.1 · Cited by 4,959
Jansen, E. H., Overpeck, J. T., Briffa, K., Duplessy, J., Joos, F., Masson-Delmotte, Olago, D., Otto‐Bliesner, B. L., Peltier, W. R., Rahmstorf, S., et al. (2007) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 4,574
Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization
Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., & Doney, S. C. (1994) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/94rg01872 · Cited by 4,443
Xie, P., & Arkin, P. A. (1997) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:gpayma>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4,307
The NCEP–NCAR 50–Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD–ROM and Documentation
Kistler, R. E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G. H., Woollen, J. S., Kalnay, E., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V. E., et al. (2001) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:tnnyrm>2.3.co;2 · Cited by 4,212
The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations
Colella, P., & Woodward, P. R. (1984) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/0021-9991(84)90143-8 · Cited by 3,954
Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., et al. (n.d.) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) · doi:10.48350/25539 · Cited by 3,726
Cited by
SODA3: A New Ocean Climate Reanalysis
Carton, J. A., Chepurin, G. A., & Chen, L. (2018) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0149.1 · Cited by 624
Structure and Performance of GFDL's CM4.0 Climate Model
Held, I. M., Guo, H., Adcroft, A., Dunne, J. P., Horowitz, L. W., Krasting, J., Shevliakova, E., Winton, M., Zhao, M., Bushuk, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2019ms001829 · Cited by 594
Self-citationGutjahr, O., Putrasahan, D., Lohmann, K., Jungclaus, J. H., von Storch, J.-S., Brüggemann, N., Haak, H., & Stössel, A. (2019) · Geoscientific Model Development · doi:10.5194/gmd-12-3241-2019 · Cited by 508
Enhanced warming of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean under climate change
Saba, V. S., Griffies, S. M., Anderson, W. G., Winton, M., Alexander, M. A., Delworth, T. L., Hare, J. A., Harrison, M. J., Rosati, A., Vecchi, G. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1002/2015jc011346 · Cited by 468
Self-citationA daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry
Faghmous, J. H., Frenger, I., Yao, Y., Warmka, R., Lindell, A., & Kumar, V. (2015) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.28 · Cited by 374
Metadata
- Authors
- Delworth, T. L., Rosati, A., Anderson, W., Adcroft, A. J., Balaji, V., Benson, R., Dixon, K., Griffies, S. M., Lee, H.-C., Pacanowski, R. C., Vecchi, G. A., Wittenberg, A. T., Zeng, F., & Zhang, R.
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2012-04-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2755-2781
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W1991467573
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 66
- FWCI
- 18.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Simulated Climate and Climate Change in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00316.1
- The paper
- Delworth, T. L., Rosati, A., Anderson, W., Adcroft, A. J., Balaji, V., Benson, R., Dixon, K., Griffies, S. M., Lee, H.-C., Pacanowski, R. C., Vecchi, G. A., Wittenberg, A. T., Zeng, F., & Zhang, R. (2012). Simulated Climate and Climate Change in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00316.1
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
