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Increased Amygdala Responses to Sad But Not Fearful Faces in Major Depression: Relation to Mood State and Pharmacological Treatment
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Increased amygdala response to negative emotions seen in functional MRI (fMRI) has been proposed as a biomarker for negative emotion processing bias underlying depressive symptoms and vulnerability to depressive relapse that are normalized by antidepressant drug treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormal amygdala responses to face emotions in depression are related to specific emotions or change in response to antidepressant treatment and whether they are present as a stable trait in medication-free patients in remission. METHOD: Sixty-two medication-free unipolar depressed patients (38 were currently depressed, and 24 were in remission) and 54 healthy comparison subjects underwent an indirect face-emotion processing task during fMRI. Thirty-two currently depressed patients were treated with the antidepressant citalopram for 8 weeks. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by measuring citalopram plasma concentrations. RESULTS: Patients with current depression had increased bilateral amygdala responses specific to sad faces relative to healthy comparison subjects and nonmedicated patients in stable remission. Treatment with citalopram abolished the abnormal amygdala responses to sad faces in currently depressed patients but did not alter responses to fearful faces. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant amygdala activation in response to sad facial emotions is specific to the depressed state and is a potential biomarker for a negative affective bias during a depressive episode.
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“Notably, enhanced responsiveness to negative emotions, (mediated by enhanced amygdala response), has been observed in non-parent depression (Arnone et al., 2012).”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Arnone et al., 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Arnone, D., McKie, S., Elliott, R., Thomas, E. J., Downey, D., Juhasz, G., Williams, S. R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 841-850
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2057953148
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 22.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, amygdala, sad faces, fearful faces, citalopram, antidepressant treatment, remission, mood states, biomarkers, medication adherence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Citalopram, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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