Cited by 336Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement DisordersPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Distinct Subcortical Volume Alterations in Pediatric and Adult OCD: A Worldwide Meta- and Mega-Analysis

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Boedhoe, Premika S.W., Schmaal, Lianne, Abe, Yoshinari, Ameis, Stephanie H., Arnold, Paul D., Batistuzzo, Marcelo C., Benedetti, Francesco, Beucke, Jan C., Bollettini, Irene, Bose, Anushree, Brem, Silvia, Calvo, Anna, Cheng, Yuqi, Cho, Kang Ik K., Dallaspezia, Sara, Denys, Damiaan, Fitzgerald, Kate D., Fouche, Jean-Paul, Giménez, Mònica, Gruner, Patricia, Hanna, Gregory L., Hibar, Derrek P., Hoexter, Marcelo Q., Hu, Hao, Huyser, Chaim, Ikari, Keisuke, Jahanshad, Neda, Kathmann, Norbert, Kaufmann, Christian, Koch, Kathrin, Kwon, Jun Soo, Lazaro, Luisa, Liu, Yanni, Lochner, Christine, Marsh, Rachel, Martínez-Zalacaín, Ignacio, Mataix-Cols, David, Menchón, José M., Minuzzi, Luciano, Nakamae, Takashi, Nakao, Tomohiro, Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C., Piras, Fabrizio, Piras, Federica, Pittenger, Christopher, Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan, Sato, Joao R., Simpson, H. Blair, Soreni, Noam, Soriano-Mas, Carles, Spalletta, Gianfranco, Stevens, Michael C., Szeszko, Philip R., Tolin, David F., Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan, Walitza, Susanne, Wang, Zhen, van Wingen, Guido A., Xu, Jian, Xu, Xiufeng, Yun, Je-Yeon, Zhao, Qing, ENIGMA OCD Working Group, Thompson, Paul M., Stein, Dan J., van den Heuvel, Odile A., The members of the ENIGMA OCD Working Group, Abe, Yoshinari, Alonso, Pino, Ameis, Stephanie H., Arnold, Paul D., Bargalló, Nuria, Batistuzzo, Marcelo C., Benedetti, Francesco, Beucke, Jan C., Boedhoe, Premika S.W., Bollettini, Irene, Bose, Anushree, Brem, Silvia, Busatto, Geraldo F., Calvo, Anna, Calvo, Rosa, Cath, Danielle C., Cheng, Yuqi, Cho, Kang Ik K., Dallaspezia, Sara, de Vries, Froukje E., de Wit, Stella J., Denys, Damiaan, Fang, Yu, Fitzgerald, Kate D., Fontaine, Martine, Fouche, Jean-Paul, Giménez, Mònica, Gruner, Patricia, Hanna, Gregory L., Hibar, Derrek P., Hoexter, Marcelo Q., Hu, Hao, Huyser, Chaim, Ikari, Keisuke, Jahanshad, Neda, Kathmann, Norbert, Kaufmann, Christian, Khadka, Sabin, Koch, Kathrin, Kwon, Jun Soo, Lazaro, Luisa, Liu, Yanni, Lochner, Christine, Marsh, Rachel, Martínez-Zalacaín, Ignacio, Mataix-Cols, David, Menchón, José M., Miguel, Euripedes C., Minuzzii, Luciano, Morer, Astrid, Nakamae, Takashi, Nakao, Tomohiro, Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C., Piras, Fabrizio, Piras, Federica, Pittenger, Christopher, Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan, Sato, Joao R., Simpson, H. Blair, Schmaal, Lianne, Soreni, Noam, Soriano-Mas, Carles, Spalletta, Gianfranco, Stein, Dan J., Stevens, Michael C., Szeszko, Philip R., Thompson, Paul M., Tolin, David F., Veltman, Dick J., Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan, van den Heuvel, Odile A., van der Werf, Ysbrand D., van Wingen, Guido A., Walitza, Susanne, Wang, Zhen, Xu, Jian, Xu, Xiufeng, Yun, Je-Yeon, Zhao, Qing·2017·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201PMC PMC5344782

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Structural brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have produced inconsistent findings. This may be partially due to limited statistical power from relatively small samples and clinical heterogeneity related to variation in illness profile and developmental stage. To address these limitations, the authors conducted meta- and mega-analyses of data from OCD sites worldwide. METHOD: images from 1,830 OCD patients and 1,759 control subjects were analyzed, using coordinated and standardized processing, to identify subcortical brain volumes that differ between OCD patients and healthy subjects. The authors performed a meta-analysis on the mean of the left and right hemisphere measures of each subcortical structure, and they performed a mega-analysis by pooling these volumetric measurements from each site. The authors additionally examined potential modulating effects of clinical characteristics on morphological differences in OCD patients. RESULTS: The meta-analysis indicated that adult patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes (Cohen's d=-0.13; % difference=-2.80) and larger pallidum volumes (d=0.16; % difference=3.16) compared with adult controls. Both effects were stronger in medicated patients compared with controls (d=-0.29, % difference=-4.18, and d=0.29, % difference=4.38, respectively). Unmedicated pediatric patients had significantly larger thalamic volumes (d=0.38, % difference=3.08) compared with pediatric controls. None of these findings were mediated by sample characteristics, such as mean age or scanning field strength. The mega-analysis yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate different patterns of subcortical abnormalities in pediatric and adult OCD patients. The pallidum and hippocampus seem to be of importance in adult OCD, whereas the thalamus seems to be key in pediatric OCD. These findings highlight the potential importance of neurodevelopmental alterations in OCD and suggest that further research on neuroplasticity in OCD may be useful.

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Authors: Boedhoe, P. S. W., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., Bollettini, I., Bose, A., Brem, S., Calvo, A., Cheng, Y., Cho, K. I. K., Dallaspezia, S., Denys, D., Fitzgerald, K. D., Fouche, J.-P., Giménez, M., Gruner, P., Hanna, G. L., Hibar, D. P., Hoexter, M. Q., Hu, H., Huyser, C., Ikari, K., Jahanshad, N., Kathmann, N., Kaufmann, C., Koch, K., Kwon, J. S., Lazaro, L., Liu, Y., Lochner, C., Marsh, R., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Mataix-Cols, D., Menchón, J. M., Minuzzi, L., Nakamae, T., Nakao, T., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Piras, F., Piras, F., Pittenger, C., Reddy, Y. C. J., Sato, J. R., Simpson, H. B., Soreni, N., Soriano-Mas, C., Spalletta, G., Stevens, M. C., Szeszko, P. R., Tolin, D. F., Venkatasubramanian, G., Walitza, S., Wang, Z., van Wingen, G. A., Xu, J., Xu, X., Yun, J.-Y., Zhao, Q., ENIGMA OCD Working Group, Thompson, P. M., Stein, D. J., van den Heuvel, O. A., The members of the ENIGMA OCD Working Group, Abe, Y., Alonso, P., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Bargalló, N., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., Boedhoe, P. S. W., Bollettini, I., Bose, A., Brem, S., Busatto, G. F., Calvo, A., Calvo, R., Cath, D. C., Cheng, Y., Cho, K. I. K., Dallaspezia, S., de Vries, F. E., de Wit, S. J., Denys, D., Fang, Y., Fitzgerald, K. D., Fontaine, M., Fouche, J.-P., Giménez, M., Gruner, P., Hanna, G. L., Hibar, D. P., Hoexter, M. Q., Hu, H., Huyser, C., Ikari, K., Jahanshad, N., Kathmann, N., Kaufmann, C., Khadka, S., Koch, K., Kwon, J. S., Lazaro, L., Liu, Y., Lochner, C., Marsh, R., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Mataix-Cols, D., Menchón, J. M., Miguel, E. C., Minuzzii, L., Morer, A., Nakamae, T., Nakao, T., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Piras, F., Piras, F., Pittenger, C., Reddy, Y. C. J., Sato, J. R., Simpson, H. B., Schmaal, L., Soreni, N., Soriano-Mas, C., Spalletta, G., Stein, D. J., Stevens, M. C., Szeszko, P. R., Thompson, P. M., Tolin, D. F., Veltman, D. J., Venkatasubramanian, G., van den Heuvel, O. A., van der Werf, Y. D., van Wingen, G. A., Walitza, S., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Xu, X., Yun, J.-Y., & Zhao, Q.
Affiliations: Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
ORCID: Alonso, Pino
Busatto, Geraldo F.
Calvo, Rosa
Fang, Yu
Veltman, Dick J.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2017-01-01
Volume: 174
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-69
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201
PMC: PMC5344782
OpenAlex: W2517818012
Cited by: 335
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25
FWCI: 4.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Eli Lilly and Company
GlaxoSmithKline
Yale University
University of Southern California
International OCD Foundation
Hamilton Health Sciences
Ontario Brain Institute
Wellcome Trust (U54 EB020403, 064846)
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Universidade Federal do ABC
University of Cambridge
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/06/IYBA/2012., 500236/ Z/11/Z)
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (IFA 12-LSBM 26, /PR13334/Med/30/259/2009, DST INSPIRE faculty grant -IFA12-LSBM-26, IFA-12)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (U54 EB020403, KO 3744/2-1)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (26461753)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (130237, 320030)
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (U54 EB020403)
Seoul National University
Ministero della Salute
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (917-15-318)
Kunming Medical University
Karolinska Institutet
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Universidade de São Paulo
Technische Universität München
Universitat de Barcelona
Hospital for Sick Children
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Universität Zürich
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
University of Cape Town
The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (500236/Z/11/Z)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Servier
H. Lundbeck A/S
Hamilton Health Sciences Foundation
National Institutes of Health (12-13, EB020403, UL1TR001863)
Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary
College of Medicine, Seoul National University
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Medical Research Council (U54 EB020403)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26461753)
Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2014 SGR 1672)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01958, PI14/00413, PI14/, PI13/00918, PI040829, CP10/00604)
School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
European Regional Development Fund (PI14/00413, PI13/01958)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH101493, R21MH093889, R01MH085321)
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U54EB020403)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, subcortical volume, hippocampus, globus pallidus, thalamus, pediatric OCD, neuroplasticity, antipsychotic effects, brain structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Globus Pallidus, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Organ Size, Thalamus, Young Adult, Neuroimaging

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Distinct Subcortical Volume Alterations in Pediatric and Adult OCD: A Worldwide Meta- and Mega-Analysis

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