Cited by 1,254Mental Health Treatment and AccessSchizophrenia research and treatmentPsychology and Mental Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Stigma as a Barrier to Recovery: The Consequences of Stigma for the Self-Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses

Link, Bruce G., Struening, Elmer L., Neese-Todd, Sheree, Asmussen, Sara, Phelan, Jo C.·2001·Psychiatric Services

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether stigma affects the self-esteem of persons who have serious mental illnesses or whether stigma has few, if any, effects on self-esteem. Methods Self-esteem and two aspects of stigma, namely, perceptions of devaluation-discrimination and social withdrawal because of perceived rejection, were assessed among 70 members of a clubhouse program for people with mental illness at baseline and at follow-up six and 24 months later. Results The two measures of perceptions of stigma strongly predicted self-esteem at follow-up when baseline self-esteem, depressive symptoms, demographic characteristics, and diagnosis were controlled for. Participants whose scores on the measures of stigma were at the 90th percentile were seven to nine times as likely as those with scores at the 10th percentile to have low self-esteem at follow-up. Conclusions The stigma associated with mental illness harms the self-esteem of many people who have serious mental illnesses. An important consequence of reducing stigma would be to improve the self-esteem of people who have mental illnesses.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ps.52.12.1621

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Conceptualizing Stigma
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Self-citation
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095613 · Cited by 1,935
Self-citation
Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection
Link, B. G. (1987) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095395 · Cited by 1,588
Self-citation
On stigma and its consequences: evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Rahav, M., Phelan, J. C., & Nuttbrock, L. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955424 · Cited by 1,226
Self-citation
Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological Theory
Coster, S. D., & Scheff, T. J. (2001) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654372 · Cited by 762
Media madness: public images of mental illness
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5754 · Cited by 538
The Effectiveness of Stigma Coping Orientations: Can Negative Consequences of Mental Illness Labeling be Avoided?
Link, B. G., Mirotznik, J., & Cullen, F. T. (1991) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136810 · Cited by 525
Self-citation
Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction
Rosenfield, S. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657432 · Cited by 511
Deinstitutionalization, Social Rejection, and the Self-Esteem of Former Mental Patients
Wright, E. R., Gronfein, W. P., & Owens, T. J. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676361 · Cited by 502

Show all 18 references

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,000

Quality of life among Iranian major depressive disorder patients: a qualitative study
Rezaiye, M., Radfar, M., & Maslakpak, M. H. (2023) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-023-00299-0 · Cited by 4
The Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness (CAMI) Scale 40 Years Later: An Investigation Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Free‐Response Data
Huff, N. R., Arnold, D. H., & Isbell, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70005 · Cited by 3
Stigma of Mental Illness and Attitudes towards Seeking Mental Health Services among Undergraduates in a Public University in Malaysia
Yee, H. S. (2018) · Universitas Indonesia International Psychology Symposium for Undergraduate Research (UIPSUR) · doi:10.2991/uipsur-17.2018.37 · Cited by 3
Marital Status and Mental Health
Williams, K., Frech, A., & Carlson, D. L. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.020 · Cited by 3
Psychosocial Functioning in Bipolar Disorder from a Social Justice Perspective
Manove, E. E., Mizock, L. M., & Levy, B. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34086 · Cited by 3
Stigma and alcohol misuse during adolescence
Aviram, R. B. (2006) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2006.18.1.27 · Cited by 3
Mental health support workers’ attitudes towards hepatitis C and injecting drug use: barriers to recovery?
Brener, L., Rose, G., Treloar, C., Cama, E. J., & Whiticker, M. (2013) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2013.806951 · Cited by 3
Felt stigma and self-esteem among psychiatric hospital outdoor and community camp attending patients
Chaudhury, S., Singh, A., Verma, A., Kumari, S., Banerjee, I., & Majhi, G. (2014) · Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil University · doi:10.4103/0975-2870.140365 · Cited by 3
Mental health knowledge and attitudes in a transition year student group: a pilot survey
Beirne, M., Mohungoo, N., & Buckley, S. E. (2013) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2012.7 · Cited by 3
The Stigma of a Mental Illness Label: Attitudes Towards Individuals with Mental Illness
Ikeme, C. O. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
Public attitudes and the challenge of stigma
Votruba, N., Koschorke, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0002 · Cited by 4
“Coming Out” with a Mental Disorder in Japan: How Self-Stigma and Empowerment Affect this Decision
Nagai, K., & Kajita, E. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1354102 · Cited by 5
Constructions of Stigma
O’Reilly, M. J., & Lester, J. N. (2017) · The Language of Mental Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60095-6_6 · Cited by 3
Effect of yoga on positive–Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents- A randomized control study
Kumari, S., & Mohan, R. (2018) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0971-9962.228795 · Cited by 3
Comparisons of the Clinical Variables between High and Low Self-Stigma Group in the Outpatients with Schizophrenia
Han, J. H., & Kim, C. K. (2018) · Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.16946/kjsr.2018.21.1.28 · Cited by 3
The effect of classroom lectures and a movie recommendation on pharmacy students' attitudes and social distancing toward people with schizophrenia
Aluh, D. O., Amorha, K. C., & Anthony-Awi, T. A. (2022) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2022.01.023 · Cited by 3
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
Hiday, V. A., & Ray, B. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.028 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Stigma Related to Perceived Risk for Coronavirus-19 Transmission Relative to the Other Stigmatized Conditions Opioid Use and Depression
Okobi, S., Bergeria, C. L., Huhn, A. S., & Dunn, K. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.803998 · Cited by 3
Estigma y salud mental. Una reflexión desde el trabajo social [Stigma and mental health. A reflection from the field of social work]
Iglesias, J., & Rodríguez, H. G. (2016) · Trabajo Social Hoy · doi:10.12960/tsh.2016.0012 · Cited by 4
Disclosing psychiatric diagnosis to close others: a cultural framework based on older Latin@s participating in a depression trial in Los Angeles county
Fuentes, D., & Aranda, M. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1506738 · Cited by 3
The Revised Common Rule and Mental Illness: Enduring Gaps in Protections
Smilan, L. E. (2020) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1177/0098858820975532 · Cited by 3
Mental Health in Cross-Cultural Context
Lefley, H. P. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.011 · Cited by 3
“But what can a Psychiatrist do about my Bowel?!” Borderline Personality Disorder in Primary Care: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Experience.
Campbell, C. W. (2008) · ERA · Cited by 3
Psychisch Kranke im Spiegel der öffentlichen Meinung
Schulze, B. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18823-7_66 · Cited by 3
The Contribution Of The Recovery Self Assessment To The Measurement Of Illness Management And Recovery
Knupp, P. E. (2013) · BIA (Drake University) · Cited by 3
THE INFLUENCE OF BURDEN OF CARE AND PERCEIVED STIGMA ON EXPRESSED EMOTIONS OF RELATIVES OF STABLE PERSONS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA IN NIGERIAN SEMI-URBAN/URBAN SETTINGS
Ola, B. A. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2061.7047 · Cited by 3
Gender differences in the association between attitudes toward mental health treatment and mental health outcomes among noninstitutionalized adults with depression
Tran, T. V., Rhee, S., Lee, S., Rhee, J., & Choi, G.-Y. (2019) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2019.1603742 · Cited by 3
Testing the Relationships Between Multiple Domains of Substance Use-Related Stigma and Depression Among a Sample of Young (18–30-Year-Old) People Who Inject Drugs in the Greater Chicago Area
Williams, L. D., Nowlin, J., Rodriguez, W. A., & Boodram, B. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01155-2 · Cited by 2
Magnitude and correlates of internalised stigma among outpatient psychiatric service users in southeast central Ethiopia
Abraham, T., Kabeta, T., & Gezahegn, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06453-0 · Cited by 2
Future Teachers' Confidence and Preparedness to Support Student Mental Health: The Effectiveness of a Virtual Role‐Play Simulation Training
Green, J. G., Huang, Y., Oblath, R., Allen-Barrett, A., Carroll, M., Holt, M. K., Corriveau, K. H., & Albright, G. L. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70127 · Cited by 2
Supporting Understanding: Comparing Conversational Interviewing in Chatbot vs Human-Administered Patient-Reported Outcomes for Stroke Survivors
Skovfoged, M. M., Mavromati, K., Tvrdá, L., Quinn, T. J., Körner, F., Chiesurin, S., Némcová, V., Mikulík, R., & Knoche, H. O. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3799983 · Cited by 2
Explore the Relationship Among Lung Cancer Stigma, Social Support, and Psychosocial Distress
Maggio, L. G. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.022 · Cited by 2
Social dystonia and psychosis: An alternative perspective
Pilgrim, D. M. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413491160 · Cited by 2
An Existential-Phenomenological Investigation of the Experience of Being Accepted in Individuals who have Undergone Psychiatric Institutionalization
Winn, J. S. (2016) · Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology · doi:10.1080/20797222.2016.1164992 · Cited by 2
Epilogue: The Three Solitudes of the Sociology of Mental Health
Avison, W. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.034 · Cited by 2
The impact of pharmacy candidates' understanding of psychiatry on personal mental health concerns and patient treatment
Doan, K., Shabo, L. M., & Crouse, E. L. B. (2021) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2021.11.030 · Cited by 2
Study of the operational conditions for ethyl esters production using residual frying oil and KF/clay catalyst in a continuous system
Zempulski, D. A., Postaue, N., Stevanato, N., Alves, H. J., & da Silva, C. (2022) · Grasas y Aceites · doi:10.3989/gya.0322211 · Cited by 2
Internalized stigma and quality of life among recipients of a rural community mental health program in southern Karnataka, India: a cross sectional study
George, N. S., Pradeep, J., & Goud, R. B. (2022) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222226 · Cited by 2
Attitude of Syrian medical specialty trainees toward providing health care services to patients with mental disorders
Ibrahim, I., Bohsas, H., Swed, S., Abouainain, Y., Othman, Z. A., Jabban, Y. K. E., Rakab, A., Hafez, W., Fathey, S., Almoshantaf, M. B., et al. (2023) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01132-0 · Cited by 2
Stigma and Its Consequences for Adolescent Mothers and Their Babies
Wittenberg, J. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42502-8_3 · Cited by 2
Employing Bayesian analysis to establish a cut-off point and assess stigma prevalence in substance use disorder: a comprehensive study of the Chinese version of the Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale
Wang, D., Zhou, Y., Chen, S., Wu, Q., He, L., Wang, Q., Hao, Y., Liu, Y., Peng, P., Li, M., et al. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02621-5 · Cited by 2
Development of Social Stigma Scale in Indian Context
Bharti, P., Pandey, J., Verma, S. K., & Singh, T. (2024) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-024-00787-1 · Cited by 3
Mental Health Stigma and Mental Health Literacy in Russia: Their Prevalence and Associations with Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms
Zolotareva, A. A., Maltseva, N., Анатольевна, Б. С., & Smirnikova, O. V. (2024) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2024.0202 · Cited by 2
The Utility of Biomarkers for Assessment and Intervention in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Guldner, S., Ernst, J., Nees, F., & Holz, N. E. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76414-1_3 · Cited by 2
Wissen, Lehrumfang und Stereotype bezüglich Psychosen bei Psychotherapeut:innen in Ausbildung
Petzold, M. B., Chaurois, M., Bröcker, A., Betzler, F., Ströhle, A., & Bendau, A. (2025) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-025-00767-4 · Cited by 2
Association between self-stigma and diabetic complications in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Yamamoto, M., Takashi, Y., Ishizu, M., Toyokawa, K., Nagata, D., Makihata, K., Koganemaru, H., Sakamoto, T., Teshima, K., Urata, Y., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095698 · Cited by 3
Perceived stigma and societal discrimination in individuals with mental illness: Understanding the importance of a sense of community
Buck, J. M. (2013) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon) · Cited by 2
A clinical study of self-stigma among the patients of schizophrenia and alcohol dependence syndrome
Modi, L., Shivji, I. A., Behere, P. B., Mishra, K., Patil, P. S., & Goyal, A. (2017) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_104_17 · Cited by 2
An Investigation of Attitudes Towards Adults with Mental Illness Among Mental Health Professionals In-training, Non Mental Health Professionals In-training, Mental Health Professionals, and Non Mental Health Professionals
Smith, A. L. (2008) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 2
Demographic, social and clinical variables of anticipated and experienced stigma of mental illness
Cechnicki, A., & Bielańska, A. (2009) · Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) · Cited by 2
La Enfermedad Mental en los Medios de Comunicación: Un Estudio Empírico en Prensa Escrita, Radio y Televisión Mental Illness in the Media: An Empirical Study in Press, Radio and Television
Muñoz, M., Santos, E. P., Crespo, M., Guillén, A. I., & Izquierdo, S. N. (2011) · Cited by 2
Effects of Perceived Stigma and Depression of College Student with Disabilities on Adaptation of Campus Life : Verification of Moderating Effect of Social Supports
Jeong, W.-C., & Kim, J. (2015) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2015.15.08.345 · Cited by 2
Public attitudes towards people with mental illness
Link, B. G., Angermeyer, M. C., & Phelan, J. C. (2011) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0137 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
The HIV-Mental Health Challenge
Walkup, J. T., & Crystal, S. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.032 · Cited by 2
Cross-Sectional Study on Stigma among Care Givers of Patients with Mental Illness in Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu
Umesh, G., Asokan, T., Roselin, V., & Sri Santhanakrishnan, V., V (2021) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2021/460 · Cited by 2
Recovery and stigma: issues of social justice
Flanagan, E. A., Ben‐Zeev, D., & Corrigan, P. W. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199691319.003.0017 · Cited by 2
Balancing prevention and respect: the ethical stakes of a psychiatric genomics lens for mental disorder and intellectual disability
Kong, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819602-1.00014-0 · Cited by 2
A comprehensive systematic review on the perception and experience of stigma among people with schizophrenia
Audrey, T. X. N., Klainin‐Yobas, P., & Creedy, D. K. (2011) · JBI Library of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2011-158 · Cited by 2
Stayin’ Alive in Little 5: Application of Sentiment Analysis to Investigate Emotions of Service Industry Workers Responding to Drug Overdoses
Febres‐Cordero, S., & Smith, D. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013103 · Cited by 2
Stigma’s Influence on Mental Health Treatment in China
Brewer, K. B., Gearing, R. E., Cheung, M., Leung, P., Chen, W., Carr, L. C., Bjugstad, A., & He, X. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health and Social Behaviour · doi:10.33790/jmhsb1100172 · Cited by 2
Historical Events That Shaped Contemporary Opioid Trends
Dunn, K. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618431.013.1 · Cited by 2
Activisme contra l’estigma: Exploració d’activitats de sensibilització al context sanitari
Eiroá‐Orosa, F. J., & Gimó, M. R. (2024) · Quaderns de Psicologia · doi:10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1963 · Cited by 1
Conceptualization and Validation of the Adolescent Barriers to Accessing Psychotherapy Questionnaire
Pfeiffer, S. (2026) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-026-09974-9 · Cited by 4
MENTAL HEALTH AMONG SUICIDE ATTEMPT SURVIVORS: THE ROLES OF STIGMA, SELF-DISCLOSURE, AND FAMILY REACTIONS
Frey, L. M. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 2
Trauma Treatment: The Influence Of Social Workers' Knowledge, Perceived Self-efficacy, And Use Of Evidence-based Interventions
Carbajal, J. (2014) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 2
Population Aging: Impact of Common Chronic Diseases on Health and Social Services
Chau, P. H., McGhee, S. M., & Woo, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8354-1_6 · Cited by 2
Traditional healers and mental health care in the South African context
Sorsdahl, K. R. (2009) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · Cited by 2
How would you feel? Stigma and self-esteem in student responses to intimate partner violence vignettes
Hall, T. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
Seeking professional help for an eating disorder: the role of stigma, anticipated outcomes, and attitudes
Hackler, A. H. (2007) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-15746 · Cited by 2
Substance Use among Minority Men who have Sex with Men
Loue, S., & Romaniuk, J. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74539-8_4 · Cited by 2
A Longitudinal Model of Internalized Stigma, Coping, and Post-release Adjustment in Criminal Offenders
Moore, K. E. (2015) · doi:10.13021/mars/5433 · Cited by 2
Courtesy stigma: a hidden health concern among workers providing services to sex workers
Phillips, R. E. (2010) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 2
Resilience and Protective Factors in Childhood and Adolescence
Taylor, P. J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch19 · Cited by 2
Understanding Neighborhood Satisfaction for Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities: a Mixed Methods Study
Shearer, A. L. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.3115 · Cited by 2
Stay-at-home Father Families: Family Functioning and Experiences of Non-traditional Gender Roles
Jones, K. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.53186 · Cited by 6
Destigmatising Schizophrenia: An Investigation into the Effects of Different Causal Explanations upon Stigma
Cunningham, H. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17068652.v1 · Cited by 2
Challenging Stigma
Watson, A. C., Corrigan, P. W., & Kosyluk, K. A. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118557174.ch26 · Cited by 3
Inside the city walls: Mental health service users’ journeys towards full citizenship
Hamer, H. P. (2011) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 2
Knowledge, inclusion attitudes, stigma and beliefs regarding intellectual disability and schizophrenia among the UK public: The role of ethnicity, religion and contact
Scior, K. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2
Music Therapy in Mental Health: Practice, Theory, Research, and Professional Perspectives
Eyre, L. (2015) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miv029 · Cited by 1
Attenuated Psychosis Syndromes Among Mexican Youth and Young Adults: A Culturally Relevant Case Illustration Approach
Reyes-Madrigal, F., León-Ortíz, P., & de la Fuente‐Sandoval, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17336-4_13 · Cited by 1
Clinicians’, patients’ and carers’ perspectives on borderline personality disorder in Pakistan: A mixed methods study protocol
Hedemann, T. L., Asif, M., Aslam, H., Maqsood, A., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Ahsan, U., Shahzad, S., Zaheer, J., Lane, S., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286459 · Cited by 1
People with mental illness stigmatize mental illness less: A comparison study between a hospital-based sample of people with mental illness and a non-clinical general population sample in urban India
Trani, J., Yen, B., Duncan, A. E., Bakhshi, P., Palmo, T., Jadhav, S., & Deshpande, S. N. (2023) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615231179265 · Cited by 1
Social representations of mental illness among professionals and non-professionals illustrated with the example of schizophrenia
Góźdź, J. (2024) · Annals of Psychiatry and Treatment · doi:10.17352/apt.000058 · Cited by 1
A comparative study of internalized stigma and quality of life among patients of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder under remission, visiting a tertiary care center
Sumedha, K. R., Rao, S. S., Boorla, V., & Meda, A. (2024) · Telangana Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/tjp.tjp_1_24 · Cited by 1
Chapter 8. Translating Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification into Public Health Usage
Minoletti, A., Alegria, M. M., Barrionuevo, H., Grana, D., Hirdes, J. P., Pérez, E., Torres‐González, F., & Udomratn, P. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427767.lg08 · Cited by 1
Perceived stigma, mental health, and campus support among Latina/o and White college students
Garcia‐Murillo, Y., Medrano, A. S., & Woods, V. E. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2428408 · Cited by 1
Investigating the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy for mental healthcare professionals: the effect on patients´ self-stigmatization, a pilot study
Helmus, K. L., van Doorn, M., de Koning, M. B., Myin‐Germeys, I., Schirmbeck, F. N., van Amelsvoort, T., Nieman, D. H., Jaspers, M., Popma, A., & de Haan, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1390949 · Cited by 2
Estimating the Prevalence of Schizophrenia in the General Population of Japan Using an Artificial Neural Network–Based Schizophrenia Classifier: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
Choomung, P., He, Y., Matsunaga, M., Sakuma, K., Kishi, T., Li, Y., Tanihara, S., Iwata, N., & Ota, A. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/66330 · Cited by 2
Clinical treatment interventions in personal recovery stories of patients with severe mental illness: a qualitative study
Eck, R. M. V., Jelsma, A., Blondeel, J., de Wilde-Schutten, K., Zondervan, J., Burger, T. J., Vellinga, A., de Koning, M. B., Schirmbeck, F. N., Gerritsen, S., et al. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02872-w · Cited by 1
Self-Stigma and Strategic Disclosure Among College and University Students: Honest, Open, Proud-College
Maranzan, K. A., Dabas, G., Kosyluk, K. A., Loecher, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2025) · Knowledge studies in higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86496-4_8 · Cited by 1
“It Seems to Sort of Wash My Brain Out”: The Experiences of Open-Water Swimmers with Depression
Crook, I., Brown, R. J., & Bell, T. (2025) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2502022 · Cited by 1
A preliminary cross-cultural validation of the Pidgin version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the leprosy-adapted Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale among persons affected by leprosy in Southern Nigeria
Chukwu, J., Ukwaja, K. N., Murphy-Okpala, N. N., Ekeke, N., Eze, C. C., Iyama, F., Meka, A., Njoku, M. I., Ezeakile, O. E., Dahiru, T., et al. (2025) · Leprosy Review · doi:10.47276/lr.96.3.2023113 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Self-stigma on the Quality of Life Among University Students with Disabilities: The Moderating Role of Perceived Emotional Support
Alyahya, M. A., Elshaer, I. A., Azazz, A. M. S., & Sobaih, A. E. E. (2025) · Journal of Disability Research · doi:10.57197/jdr-2025-0643 · Cited by 1
Stigma as related to cognition in psychotic disorders: A scoping review of the literature
Gonzales, L., Saperstein, A. M., Erlich, M., & Medalia, A. A. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.10.002 · Cited by 1
In a Stranger's Shoes: Reducing mental illness stigma through perspective-taking
Mann, C. E. (2010) · Cited by 1
The Co-Occurring Disorder Patient: Effects of Stigma, Perception of Care, and Treatment
Giglia, L. A. (2014) · Cited by 1
Stigmatization and Social Reintegration of Liberated Trokosi Women in Ghana
Ammah, C., Amos, P. M., & Mahu, S. K. (2013) · Cited by 1
Getting to the Heart of Social and Educational Disadvantage: Exploring the Impact of Social Interactions Across the Class Divide
Pickering, R. M. (2014) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University) · Cited by 1
Stigma vid psykisk sjukdom - vad betyder svaren på attitydfrågor
Larsson, J., & Sandlund, M. (2013) · Socialmedicinsk tidskrift · doi:10.62607/smt.v90i2.43364 · Cited by 1

Authors: Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Link, Bruce G.
Phelan, Jo C.
Venue: Psychiatric Services
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 52
Issue: 12
Pages: 1621-1626
ISSN: 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
1075-2730
1557-9700
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.52.12.1621
OpenAlex: W2138848350
Cited by: 1,254
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 14.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: stigma, self-esteem, severe mental illness, social withdrawal, perceived rejection, recovery, stigma reduction
MeSH terms: Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Stereotyping, Recovery of Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Stigma as a Barrier to Recovery: The Consequences of Stigma for the Self-Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks