Characteristics of Persons Referred by Police to the Psychiatric Emergency Room
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The weighted mean police-referral rate within the nine U.S.-based study samples was 22.8% (95% CI=16.8%-29.3%).
“The weighted mean of police-referral rates within the nine U.S.-based study samples (7, 8, 10, 11, 30, 33, 40, 44, 47) was 22.8% (95% CI=16.8%-29.3%).”
From Referral of patients to psychiatric emergency departments by police: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The most common study locations were the United States (N=9) and Australia (N=6).
“The most common study locations were the United States (N=9) (7,8,10,11,30,33,40,44,47) and Australia (N=6) (9,32,(37)(38)(39)46).”
From Referral of patients to psychiatric emergency departments by police: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The findings are consistent with the earlier review, even though the two reviews shared only nine studies.
“We note that our findings are consistent with those of the earlier review, even though our review and the previous review shared only nine studies (7,8,11,32,36,37,40,45,47).”
From Referral of patients to psychiatric emergency departments by police: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lamb, H. R., Weinberger, L. E., & DeCuir, W. J. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1266 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Some perspectives on deinstitutionalization.
Lamb, H., & Bachrach, L. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1039 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health care and social service workers.
Osha, R. (1997) · The Prairie rose · doi:10.1037/e372182004-001 · Cited by 318
Borum, R., Deane, M. W., Steadman, H., & Morrissey, J. (1998) · Behavioral sciences & the law · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0798(199823)16:4 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Contact Between Police and People With Mental Disorders: A Review of Rates
Livingston, J. D. (2016) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500312 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“99% CI Police involvement in mental health care pathway Sought or accessed mental health care Evans and Boothroyd, 2002 (37) 53 1,779 3 1.96–4.04 Lim, 1983 (44) 46 1,280 4 2.59–5.41 Malla et al., 1987 (46) 231 5,729 4 3.33–4.67 Hitch and Clegg, 1980 (40) 46 1,131 4 2.50–5.50 Meadows et al., 1994 (47) 306 6,127 5 4.28–…”
BackgroundInfluentialMentally Ill Persons in the Criminal Justice System: Some Perspectives
Lamb, H. R., Weinberger, L., & Gross, B. (2004) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1023/b:psaq.0000019753.63627.2c · Cited by 208 · see citing works
A specialized crisis response site as a core element of police-based diversion programs.
Steadman, H., Stainbrook, K. A., Griffin, P., Draine, J., Dupont, R., & Horey, C. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.2.219 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“This issue is a serious one because many individuals referred by the police refuse voluntary services (4).”
BackgroundMcniel, D., Sandberg, D. A., & Binder, R. (1998) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025754706716 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstance Abuse, Violent Behavior, and Police Encounters among Persons with Severe Mental Disorder
Borum, R., Swanson, J. W., Swartz, M. S., & Hiday, V. A. (1997) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986297013003004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Factors influencing disposition decisions for patients seen in a psychiatric emergency service.
Rabinowitz, J., Massad, A., & Fennig, S. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.7.712 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Characteristics of psychiatric emergencies and the choice of intervention strategies
Schnyder, U., Klaghofer, R., Leuthold, A., & Buddeberg, C. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00974.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: a review.
Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1002/yd.23320019005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Profiling police presentations of mental health consumers to an emergency department.
Lee, S., Brunero, S., Fairbrother, G., & Cowan, D. (2008) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2008.00553.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Who brings patients to the psychiatric emergency room?
Dhossche, D. M., & Ghani, S. O. (1998) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(98)00026-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Deinstitutionalization at the beginning of the new millennium.
Lamb, H. (2001) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/yd.23320019003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Outcome for psychiatric emergency patients seen by an outreach police--mental health team.
Lamb, H., Shaner, R., Elliott, D. M., Decuir, W. J., & Foltz, J. T. (2001) · New Directions for Mental Health Services · doi:10.1002/yd.23320019007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cole, C., Vandamme, A., Bermpohl, F., Czernin, K., Wullschleger, A., & Mahler, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Deinstitutionalization at the Beginning of the New Millennium
Lamb, R. (1998) · New Directions for Mental Health Services · doi:10.3109/10673229809010949 · Cited by 24
Hoffman, R., Hirdes, J., Brown, G. P., Dubin, J., & Barbaree, H. (2016) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.031 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…of public safety (Broussard et al., 2010; Citrome& Volaka, 1999; Kneebone et al., 1995; Lee et al., 2008; Lyons et al., 1997; Marson et al., 1988; McNiel et al., 1991; Meadows et al., 1994; Mulder et al., 2005; Redondo & Currier, 2003; Reinish & Ciccone, 1995; Sales, 1991; Watson et al., 1993;…”
BackgroundTodd, T. L., & Chauhan, P. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101718 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
In their voices: Experiences of adolescents during involuntary psychiatric hospitalization
Rice, J. L., Tan, T. X., & Li, Y. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106045 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The characteristics of police presentations to an emergency department in a community hospital
Lee, S. (2006) · Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2006.02.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Llewellin, P., Arendts, G., Weeden, J., & Pethebridge, A. (2011) · Emergency Medicine Australasia · doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01448.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Police referrals at the psychiatric emergency service in <scp>T</scp>aiwan
Wang, J., Wu, C., Chiu, C., Yang, T., Liu, T., & Chou, P. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12195 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…some factors in different dimensions, including sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and psychiatric service utilization factors, related to police referral to the PES have been revealed in previous studies (McNiel et al., 1991; Watson et al., 1993; Strauss et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2008).”
ResultGiampieri, E., Ratti, A., Beretta, A., Mattavelli, C., Ferrarini, E., Pruneri, C., & Carta, I. (2002) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00005844 · Cited by 10
Schnyder, U., Valach, L., Mörgeli, H., & Heim, E. (1999) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/ypkf-ywkl-7ukl-36vc · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hiday, V., & Wales, H. W. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_27 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Even then police tend to choose mental health treatment over arrest when the individual is a known mental patient, manifests obvious mental disorder symptoms, or appears to lack criminal intent (Engel & Silver, 2001 ; McNiel et al., 1991 ) .”
BackgroundPolice referrals to an urban psychiatric emergency room in Israel
Kimhi, R., Zohar, M., Barak, Y., & Barak, I. (1996) · The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09585189608415047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Le système policier et les services de santé mentale
Cardinal, C., & Laberge, D. (1999) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/031592ar · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Pour les uns, les personnes référées par la police présentent Le système policier et les services de santé mentale 213 une probabilité aussi forte d'être hospitalisées que les autres cas (McNiel et al., 1991 ; Reinish et al., 1995).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Factors Associated with 911 and 988 Use in Mental Health Crises
Ueda, M., Heflin, C. M., Liu, Y., Yu, Q.-Y., & Ramanathan, S. (2025) · Community mental health journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01545-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…or their family members tend to call 911 in mental health crises that do not require immediate medical intervention (Finn & Sullivan, 1988; McNiel et al., 1991 ; Lamb et al., 2002 ; Irwin & Pearl, 2020 ; Cantor et al., 2022 ; Curry et al., 2023), often lead - ing to the involvement of law…”
Ishizuka, C., Nakatani, Y., Morita, N., & Satoh, S. (2001) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00803.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Emergency Care Competence Needed for Police Patrol Officers According to the Experts
Wallin, K., Holmberg, M., Andersson, H., Kronkvist, O., & Svensson, A. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing · doi:10.18261/njsp.9.1.5 · Cited by 4
Dessureault, D., Côté, G., & Ohayon, M. (1998) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379804300908 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Goldschmidt, T., Bermpohl, F., Schreiter, S., van Bergen, A. H., Kupka, R. W., Schouler-Ocak, M., Gutwinski, S., & Deutscher, K. (2025) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240323 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica: Bibliography
(1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb06506.x
- Authors
- McNiel, D. E., Hatcher, C., Zeiner, H., Wolfe, H. L., & Myers, R. S.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 1991-04
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 425-427
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2055688629
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2s07rr005755-18)
- National Center for Research Resources (S07-RR05755)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Emergency and Acute Care Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Keywords
- psychiatric emergency department, police referrals, emergency department utilization, patient characteristics, mental health services
- MeSH terms
- Suicide Prevention, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders, Commitment of Mentally Ill, Dangerous Behavior, Emergency Service, Hospital, Emergency Services, Psychiatric, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Referral and Consultation, San Francisco, Social Control, Formal, Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
