How Online Fraud Victims are Targeted in China: A Crime Script Analysis of Baidu Tieba C2C Fraud
Abstract
E-commerce is the practice of purchasing, selling, transferring, and exchanging goods, services, or information through the Internet, a computer, and/or other devices. With the development of e-commerce markets, fraud is increasingly reported. This study uses a crime script analysis to examine how customer-to-customer (C2C) fraud occurs on China’s online platforms with a particular focus on the online marketplace Baidu Tieba and Tencent QQ, a tool that allows customers to make contact and negotiate deals and payment methods. The findings demonstrate that C2C fraud develops through pre-operation, operation, finalization, and exit stages, sharing commonalities with other online identity fraud processes. Implications for policy and interventions are also discussed in regard to e-commerce fraud in China and elsewhere.
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Several studies have used crime script analysis to map specific types of online scams, such as customer-to-customer e-commerce fraud, bank card fraud and phone scams, and computer fraud.
“Several studies have used crime script analysis to map specific types of online scams, such as customer-to-customer e-commerce fraud (Lee, 2022), bank card fraud and phone scams (Van Nguyen, 2022), and computer fraud (Lwin Tun & Birks, 2023).”
From Love as Bait: A Scoping Review and Crime Script Analysis of Online Romance Scams (2026) · cites this paper as Lee, 2022
Crime scripting had not previously been applied to online romance scams.
“While previous studies have applied crime scripting to various types of cybercrime (see Dehghanniri & Borrion, 2021), such as phishing (Loggen & Leukfeldt, 2022) or customer-to-customer e-commerce fraud (Lee, 2022), none of them focused on online romance scams.”
From Love as Bait: A Scoping Review and Crime Script Analysis of Online Romance Scams (2026) · cites this paper as Lee, 2022
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
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A trust model for consumer Internet shopping
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“…literature provides important insights yet focuses on victimization at the cost of revealing other aspects of the phenomenon, such as different types of online fraud victimization and associated traumas and issues (Buchanan & Whitty, 2014; Cross, 2016; Mears et al., 2016; Van Wilsem, 2013).”
BackgroundGetting into the Script of Adult Child Sex Offenders and Mapping out Situational Prevention Measures
Leclerc, B., Wortley, R., & Smallbone, S. (2011) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427810391540 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
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Wang, J., Zhang, L., Xu, L., & Qian, X. (2024) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102231 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Love as Bait: A Scoping Review and Crime Script Analysis of Online Romance Scams
Schokkenbroek, J. M., & Snaphaan, T. (2026) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251361046 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While previous studies have applied crime scripting to various types of cybercrime (see Dehghanniri & Borrion, 2021), such as phishing (Loggen & Leukfeldt, 2022) or cus-tomer-to-customer e-commerce fraud (Lee, 2022), none of them focused on online romance scams.”
Influential
- Authors
- Lee, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Lowell (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Claire Seungeun
- ORCID
- Lee, Claire Seungeun
- Venue
- Crime & Delinquency
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-07-30
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 13-14
- Pages
- 2529-2553
- ISSN
- 0011-1287 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-387X
- OpenAlex
- W3190724734
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Crime & Delinquency (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › E-commerce and Technology Innovations
- Keywords
- online fraud, Baidu Tieba, Tencent QQ, e-commerce fraud, crime scripts, online marketplaces, China
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