Effect of Standing or Walking at a Workstation on Cognitive Function: A Randomized Counterbalanced Trial
Abstract
Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of working while seated, while standing, or while walking on measures of short-term memory, working memory, selective and sustained attention, and information-processing speed. Background: The advent of computer-based technology has revolutionized the adult workplace, such that average adult full-time employees spend the majority of their working day seated. Prolonged sitting is associated with increasing obesity and chronic health conditions in children and adults. One possible intervention to reduce the negative health impacts of the modern office environment involves modifying the workplace to increase incidental activity and exercise during the workday. Although modifications, such as sit-stand desks, have been shown to improve physiological function, there is mixed information regarding the impact of such office modification on individual cognitive performance and thereby the efficiency of the work environment. Method: In a fully counterbalanced randomized control trial, we assessed the cognitive performance of 45 undergraduate students for up to a 1-hr period in each condition. Results: The results indicate that there is no significant change in the measures used to assess cognitive performance associated with working while seated, while standing, or while walking at low intensity. Conclusion: These results indicate that cognitive performance is not degraded with short-term use of alternate workstations.
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Seven studies addressed sustained attention; five found significant improvements and two reported no effect, resulting in relatively strong evidence strength (71.4%).
“Seven studies addressed sustained attention, five of which found significant improvements [22, 23, 25, 27, 34] and two reported no effect [29, 33], resulting in relatively strong evidence strength (71.4%).”
From Effect of classroom physical activity breaks on learning behaviors and academic achievements in university students: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
Four studies investigated selective attention; two reported significant improvements, one no effect, and one negative outcome, yielding unclear evidence strength (50%).
“Four studies investigated selective attention, with two reporting significant improvements [14, 26], one showing no effect [29], and one reporting a negative outcome [32], yielding unclear evidence strength (50%).”
From Effect of classroom physical activity breaks on learning behaviors and academic achievements in university students: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
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References 33 · Cited by 63
- Authors
- Bantoft, C., Summers, M. J., Tranent, P. J., Palmer, M. A., Cooley, P. D., & Pedersen, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
- University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-09-24
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 140-149
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2191254511
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Facilities and Workplace Management
- Keywords
- sitting at work, standing at work, cognitive performance, working memory, short-term memory, attention, processing speed, sit-stand desks, office ergonomics, incidental physical activity, prolonged sitting
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Posture, Psychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Walking, Young Adult
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