The DOI matches its Crossref record; the references it cites are not checked yet.
Unpacking Unofficial Normalization: Israel’s Unofficial Relations with the UAE and the Abraham Accords
Open accessAbstract
The study aims to unpack the concept of unofficial normalization and how it can facilitate the resolution of interstate conflicts. Drawing on Kriesberg’s typology of conflict management strategies as constructive or destructive, we define constructive unofficial normalization as a new type of coengagement reward inducement in the context of United Arab Emirates (UAE)–Israel relations. Disciplined configurative and heuristic modes of case study analysis are employed. The paper argues that unofficial relations between the UAE and Israel in the decades preceding the Abraham Accords in 2020 was a necessary element in the transition from conflict management to conflict resolution.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 32 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- Almezaini KS (2012) The UAE and Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid Identities and Interests. Routledge: London. · DOI
- 10.5040/9781838606114 · DOI
- Ayesh M (2018) Arabic Press Review: Second Israeli Minister in three days to visit UAE. Middle East Eye 29 October. Available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/arabic-press-review-second-israeli-minister-three-days-visit-uae
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166439.003.0004 · DOI
- 10.1057/9780230603110_2 · DOI
- Bar-Siman Tov Y (ed.) (2010) Barriers to Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institution for Israel Studies.
- Barakat A (2023) The Arab world and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. In: Siniver A (ed.) Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. London and New York: Routledge, pp.394–404.
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166439.003.0002 · DOI
- Black I (2019) Just below the Surface: Israel, the Arab Gulf States and the Limits of Cooperation. London: Middle East Center, LSE.
- 10.1177/002200277802200208 · DOI
- Crocker CA, Hampson FO, Aall P (eds) (2007) Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.
- 10.4324/9781315202426 · DOI
- Eisenberg LZ, Caplan N (2010) Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. 2nd ed. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Esfandiary D (2023) New Order in the Gulf: The Rise of the UAE. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Friedman D (2022) Sledgehammer: How Breaking with the past Brought Peace to the Middle East. New York: Broadside Books.
- 10.1080/01495933.2021.1962200 · DOI
- George AL, Bennett A (2005) Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Greenblatt JD (2022) In the Path of Abraham; How Donald Trump Made Peace in the Middle East—and How to Stop Joe Biden from Unmaking It. New York: Post Hill Press.
- Hitman G, Kertcher C (2018) The case for Arab-Israeli normalization during conflict. The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies 2: 48–70.
- Hoffman JA (2020) Israel and the Counterrevolutionaries: Gauging Tel Aviv’s Evolving Regional Alliances after the Arab Uprising (Durham Middle East Papers. No. 102). Durham, NC: Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies.
- Ibish H (2017) The UAE’s Evolving National Security Strategy. Washington DC: Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington.
- Kacowicz A, Bar-Siman-Tov Y, Elgström O, et al. (eds) (2000) Stable Peace Among Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Kriesberg L (2017) Constructive Conflicts from Escalation to Resolution. 4th ed. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Kriesberg L, Thorson SJ (1991) Timing the De-Escalation of International Conflicts. New York: Syracuse University Press.
- 10.1515/9781400834419 · DOI
- Kushner J (2022) Breaking History: A White House Memoir. Northampton, MA: Broadside Books.
- 10.1057/9781137454157 · DOI
- Netanyahu B (2022) BIBI, My Story. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Ramsbotham O, Woodhouse T, Miall H (2016) Contemporary Conflict Resolution. 4th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Ravid B (2021) Trump’s Peace. Tel Aviv: Yediot Books.
- Rickli JM, Almezaini KS (2017) Theories of small states’ foreign and security policies and the Gulf States. In: Almezaini KS, Rickli JM (eds) The Small Gulf States: Foreign and Security Policies before and after the Arab Spring. London: Routledge, pp.8–30.
- Salisbury P (2020) Risk Perception and Appetite in UAE Foreign and National Security Policy. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs Chatham House.
- Shoup JA (2022) The History of the United Arab Emirates. Santa-Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.
- Szalai M (2022) The Foreign Policy of Smaller Gulf States: Size, Power, and Regime Stability in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge.
- Traub D Cohen RA Kertcher C (2023) The road to normalization: The importance of the United Arab Emirates’ neoliberal foreign policy in the normalization with Israel: 2004–2020. Digest of Middle East Studies 32(1): 60–78. · DOI
- 10.1057/9781137385611 · DOI
- Vuković S (2016) International Multiparty Mediation and Conflict Management: Challenges of Cooperation and Coordination. London and New York: Routledge.
- 10.4324/9780429299490 · DOI
- 10.1080/19448953.2022.2143841 · DOI
- Zartman IW (2000) Ripeness: the hurting stalemate and beyond. In: Stern PC, Druckman D (eds) International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp.225–250.
- Zartman IW (2008) Ripeness revisited: the push and pull of conflict management. In: Zartman IW (ed.) Essays on Theory and Practice, Essays on Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, pp.232–244.
- Zartman IW, Touval S (1996) International mediation in the post– cold war era. In: Crocker C, Hampson F, Aall P (eds) Managing Global Chaos. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, pp.445–461.
Metadata
- Authors
- Kertcher, C., & Schiff, A.
- Affiliations
- Ariel University (IL)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Kertcher, Chen
- Venue
- Journal of Asian and African Studies
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2024-04-09
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3943-3958
- ISSN
- 0021-9096 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-2538
- OpenAlex
- W4394687710
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Asian and African Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Keywords
- Abraham Accords, conflict management, conflict resolution, constructive conflict management, interstate conflict, diplomatic normalization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
