The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Conceptual and methodological considerations in the study of trust and suspicion
Abstract
Trust and suspicion appear to underlie many social interactions. Thus it is not surprising that they occupy an important role in various efforts to account for the stability or instability of a wide variety of human relationships. One of the earliest systematic formulations of these concepts appeared in this journal over a decade ago (cf. Deutsch, 1958). Yet little progress has been made since then toward a more satisfactory conceptualization of trust and suspicion. This paper is devoted to the examination of both the theoretical and the methodological considerations relevant to the empirical study of trust and suspicion.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is supposed that the disposition to trust is not based on previous experience or hence on personal traits (Rotter, 1967; Kee and Knox, 1970).”
From How Culture and Trustworthiness Interact in Different E-Commerce Contexts: A Comparative Analysis of Consumers' Intention to Purchase on Platforms of Different Origins (2021) · cites this paper as Kee and Knox, 1970
In the citing paper
“The first of these models on trust (Kee & Knox, 1970;R. C. Mayer et al., 1995b;Dietz & Hartog, 2006) stem from social sciences, including organisational science and psychology, and are concerned with interpersonal trust.”
From Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as Kee & Knox, 1970
Citations
Cites
Deutsch, M. (1958) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275800200401 · Cited by 2,077
Rapoport, A. (1965) · Cited by 946
The Effect of Motivational Orientation upon Trust and Suspicion
Deutsch, M. (1960) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872676001300202 · Cited by 808
Trust, trustworthiness, and the F scale.
Deutsch, M. (1960) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046501 · Cited by 267
Solomon, L. F. (1960) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047571 · Cited by 241
Interpersonal trust as a factor in communication.
Mellinger, G. D. (1956) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048100 · Cited by 236
Value: Behavioral Decision Theory
Becker, G. M., & McClintock, C. G. (1967) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.18.020167.001323 · Cited by 207
Some descriptive aspects of two-person non-zero-sum games
Scodel, A., Minas, J. S., Ratoosh, P., et al. (1959) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275900300203 · Cited by 181
Utility theory and additivity analysis of risky choices.
Tversky, A. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024915 · Cited by 144
Factors affecting cooperation in a Prisoner's Dilemma game
Oskamp, S., & Perlman, D. (1965) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276500900308 · Cited by 116
The establishment of the trust relationship
Swinth, R. L. (1967) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276701100308 · Cited by 87
Some descriptive aspects of two-person non-zero-sum games. II
Minas, J. S., Scodel, A., Marlowe, D., & Rawson, H. E. (1960) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276000400204 · Cited by 75
Effects of increased incentives upon the use of threat in bargaining.
Gallo, P. S. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023510 · Cited by 51
Reward level and game playing behavior1
McClintock, C. G., & McNeel, S. P. (1966) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276601000108 · Cited by 47
i-Trust: a notion of trust in three-person games and international affairs
Lieberman, B. (1964) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276400800305 · Cited by 31
Money Versus Electric Shock as Payoff in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game
Bixenstine, V. E., & O’Reilly, E. F. (1966) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03393666 · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- M. R. Jones, 1962, Cooperation and trust: some notes
- Douglas, R.D., 1967, The use of shock as payoffs in the Prisoner's Dilemma
- Garfinkel, H., 1963, A conception of, and experiments with "trust" as a condition of stable concerted actions
- Kee, H.W., 1967, Trust and suspicion
- Knox, R.E., Paper presented at the Western Psychological Association meeting
- D.M. Messick., 1967, The development of cooperative and competitive motives in children
- Pruitt, D.G., 1965, Definition of the situation as a determinant of international action
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An integrative model of organizational trust
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258792 · Cited by 10,736
Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: an integrative typology
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.13.3.334.81 · Cited by 5,550
“The confusing proliferation of trust types has prompted some researchers to develop composite trust definitions (e.g., Doney et al. 1998, Kee and Knox 1970, Mayer et al. 1995).”
BackgroundKim, D. J., Ferrin, D. L., & Rao, H. R. (2008) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2007.07.001 · Cited by 3,613
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605
Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. (1998) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.926623 · Cited by 3,430
“It has been argued that only in risky situations is trust a relevant factor (Deutsch, 1962; Kee & Knox, 1970), and to trust essentially means to take risk and leave oneself vulnerable to the actions of trusted others (Hosmer, 1995; JohnsonGeorge & Swap, 1982).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kee, H. W., & Knox, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Conflict Resolution
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1970-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357-366
- ISSN
- 0022-0027 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8766
- OpenAlex
- W2017948180
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Conflict Resolution (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- trust, suspicion, interpersonal relationships, relationship stability, conceptualization of trust, trust measurement, social interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
