The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: an evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire.
Abstract
Operation Ceasefire is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence in Boston. It represented an innovative partnership between researchers and practitioners to assess the city's youth homicide problem and implement an intervention designed to have a substantial near-term impact on the problem. Operation Ceasefire was based on the “pulling levers” deterrence strategy that focused criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth responsible for much of Boston's youth homicide problem. Our impact evaluation suggests that the Ceasefire intervention was associated with significant reductions in youth homicide victimization, shots-fired calls for service, and gun assault incidents in Boston. A comparative analysis of youth homicide trends in Boston relative to youth homicide trends in other major U.S. and New England cities also supports a unique program effect associated with the Ceasefire intervention.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, the Boston Ceasefire Operation, a pioneering intervention widely referenced as effective,45 found a 25% decrease in citywide fatal and nonfatal gun assaults in the 2 years following the intervention.46”
From The Peacemaker Fellowship and Urban Gun Violence in Richmond, California (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“However, there are few community-based violence-prevention programs, firearms centered or otherwise, that are scientifically supported.”
From Firearm and Nonfirearm Violence After Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Strategies such as Ceasefire2,3 and Cure Violence,4–6 which typically involve community mobilization, street outreach, and partnerships among frontline staff in police, probation, corrections, and social services sectors, have been tested in cities nationwide.”
From Firearm and Nonfirearm Violence After Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“By contrast, previous evidence on Ceasefire and community policing has shown less substantial results.2,3,28”
From Firearm and Nonfirearm Violence After Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault
Sherman, L. W., & Berk, R. A. (1984) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095575 · Cited by 1,249
Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach
Goldstein, H. (1979) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/001112877902500207 · Cited by 793
Paternoster, R. (1987) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418828700089271 · Cited by 619
PROBLEM‐ORIENTED POLICING IN VIOLENT CRIME PLACES: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT*
BRAGA, A. A., WEISBURD, D. L., WARING, E. J., MAZEROLLE, L. G., SPELMAN, W., & GAJEWSKI, F. (1999) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00496.x · Cited by 583
Self-citationThe Economics of Crime Deterrence: A Survey of Theory and Evidence
Cameron, S. (1988) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1988.tb02311.x · Cited by 374
Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use-Reduction Strategy
Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A. M., & Braga, A. A. (1996) · Law and Contemporary Problems · doi:10.2307/1192213 · Cited by 338
Self-citationExplaining Recent Trends in U.S. Homicide Rates
Blumstein, A., & Rosenfeld, R. (1998) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1144254 · Cited by 233
THE LOGIC OF DEFINITION IN CRIMINOLOGY: PURPOSES AND METHODS FOR DEFINING “GANGS”
Ball, R. A., & Curry, G. D. (1995) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01177.x · Cited by 185
Declining Crime Rates: Insiders' Views of the New York City Story
Kelling, G. L., & Bratton, W. J. (1998) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1144255 · Cited by 121
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE IN A SAMPLE OF OFFENDERS CONVICTED OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES*
Weisburd, D. L., Waring, E. J., & Chayet, E. F. (1995) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01191.x · Cited by 102
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 35
- Aldrich, John, Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models
- Beha, James A., 1977, Boston University Law Review, 57, 96
- Blumstein, Alfred, Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates
- Butterfield, Fox, 1996, New York Times, A20
- Campbell, Donald T., Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research
- Clarke, Ronald V., Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies
- Coleman, Veronica, 1999, National Institute of Justice Journal, 16
- Cook, Philip J., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, 211
- Cook, Philip J., Youth Violence, 27
- Cook, Thomas, Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings
- Curry, G. David, Gang Crime and Law Enforcement Record Keeping
- Dobson, Annette, An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models
- Eck, John E., Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News
- Ekblom, Paul, Building a Safer Society: Crime and Justice, 585
- Fox, James Alan, Trends in Juvenile Violence
- Gibbs, Jack P., Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence
- Goldstein, Herman, Problem-Oriented Policing
- Kennedy, David M., 1997, Valparaiso University Law Review, 31, 449
- Kennedy, David M., 1998, National Institute of Justice Journal, 2
- Kennedy, David M., Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention, 219
- Kennedy, David M., “Operation Ceasefire: Problem Solving and Youth Violence in Boston.”
- Kleck, Gary, Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control
- Klein, Malcolm, 1993, Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 2, 88
- Littell, Ramon C., SAS System for Mixed Models
- McCullagh, Peter, Generalized Linear Models
- McDowall, David, Interrupted Time Series Analysis
- Piehl, Anne M., “Testing for Structural Breaks in the Evaluation of Programs.”
- Rossi, Peter H., Evaluation: A Systematic Approach
- SAS Institute, SAS/STAT Software: The GENMOD Procedure
- SAS Institute, SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements through Release 6.12
- SAS Institute, “V6 SAS Note: PROC MIXED Can Return Incorrect DF with DDFM=SATTERTH and REPEATED.”
- Sherman, Lawrence, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 1
- Sparrow, Malcolm, Beyond 911: A New Era for Policing
- Witkin, Gordon, 1997, U.S. News and World Report, 67
- Zimring, Franklin, Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–590 of 590
The Juvenile Justice Response to Violence
Butts, J. A., & Szkola, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_108-1
Algorithmic Suspicion and Big Data Searches
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0007
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0008
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0006
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0002
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0001
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.003.0005
The Impact of Policy and Law Enforcement Strategies on Reducing Gun Violence in America
Costa, J., & Azari, A. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55513-9_14
Enforcement against Organized Crime Fosters Illegal Markets: Evidence from the YakuzaPreprint
Hoshino, T., & Kamada, T. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3675207
Benito, R. C., & Tejera, Y. S. (2020)
Developmental Factors in Violence Propensity
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.005
Preventing Young People from Involvement in Violence, Gangs and Organized Crime
McGuire, J., Evans, E., & Kane, E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76363-3_6
Assessing the Impact of Public Policy on Homicide Rates in Brazil: The Case of PRONASCI Program
de Castro, T. E., Justus, M., & Kassouf, A. (2021) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/07340168211039006
The Challenges of Sustaining Partnerships and the Diversification of Cultures
Martin, D., & Graham, W. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83913-0_9
Strategies for Preventing Gang Violence: A Century of Evolving Programming and Research
Henderson, S. M., & Özer, M. (2017) · The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression · doi:10.1002/9781119057574.whbva103
Criminal Justice Policy Reform Through Researcher–Practitioner/Policymaker Partnerships
Noorman, K., Brancale, J. N., & Blomberg, T. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77565-0_13
Focused Deterrence and “Pulling Levers”
McGarrell, E. F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_265
Corsaro, N. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_372
Drug policy and control at the international level
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.013
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.009
Major UN Initiatives to Address Violence, 1986–2018
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.013
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.015
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.001
The Prospect of Human Violence
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.002 · Cited by 1
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.004
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.010
Advancing a Global Public Health Response to Violence
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.007
Taylor, T. J., & McCandless, S. A. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118303092.ch14
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.012
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.011
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.008
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.003
Violence by Children in Schools and the Community
Banks, C. S., Lund, E. M., Pulido, R., Vaughan-Jensen, J., & Blake, J. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_103
Densley, J. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.05181-6
The legal market: prescription and diversion of psychopharmaceuticals
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.006
Chioda, L. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0664-3_ov · Cited by 2
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.014
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.001
Health and social services for drug users
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.009
Squires, P., & Kennison, P. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470661482.biblio
Loughran, T. A. (2013) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0167
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.010
Kopacki, C. G. (2013) · The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj298
Regoeczi, W. C., & Miethe, T. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.45061-0
The Logic and Practice of the Prevention of Mental Disorders
Mendelson, T., Pas, E. T., Lee-Winn, A. E., Bradshaw, C. P., Rebok, G. W., Leis, J. A., & Mandell, W. (2019) · Public Mental Health · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190916602.003.0019
Strategies and interventions to reduce drug use and related harm: section overview
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.007
IDPC Drug Policy Guide (IDPC - Руководство По Наркополитике) (Russian)Preprint
International Drug Policy Consortium (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1910609
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.016
Preventing illicit drug use by young people
Babor, T. F., Caulkins, J. P., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K. N., Obot, I. S., Rehm, J. T., Reuter, P., Room, R., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.008
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.002.0005
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.002.0004
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.002.0007
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.005.01
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.002.0003
Targeted Enforcement Against Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
Prieger, J. E. (2023) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1190-5.ch001
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0004
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0001
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0006
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0003
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0003
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.005.0002
Brayne, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190684099.002.0008
Spillovers in Criminal Networks: Evidence from Co-Offender DeathsPreprint
Lindquist, M. J., Patacchini, E., Vlassopoulos, M., & Zénou, Y. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4864106
Spillovers in Criminal Networks: Evidence from Co-Offender DeathsPreprint
Lindquist, M. J., Patacchini, E., Vlassopoulos, M., & Zénou, Y. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4885844
Exploring Hot Spot Policing in the Context of Juvenile Crime in the U.SPreprint
Somani, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4907823
The Illicit Sources of Guns to Criminal Groups in the United States
Braga, A. A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780198902409.003.0002
Self-citationLangmann, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5050193
(2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7806-9.ch003
Langmann, C. (2025) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2025.100137
Translational Criminology: A United States Orientation
Donohue, J. S., & Pesta, G. B. (2025) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia5030149
Gun Violence And Urban Education
Crawford, C., & Sundrani, A. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-008-5-20251006
The Promises and Pitfalls of Peace Education Evaluation
Harris, I. M. (2008) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-990-320251017
Examining General Deterrence Using Data from the National Football League
Greenman, S. J. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Indirect Enforcement and the Transformation of Organized Crime: Evidence from the YakuzaPreprint
Hoshino, T., & Kamada, T. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6049011
Wong, J. S., & Lee, C. (2026) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/08874034261438013
McFarlane, P., Sutherland, A., McPherson, T., Brennan, I., & Graham, W. (2026) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/13563890261444323
Toward evidence-based federal law enforcement: developing best practices in a federal system
Bumgarner, J. (2026) · Evidence Base · doi:10.1080/30679125.2026.2674607
Larsson, A., & Starke, M. (2026) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2026.2672958
Sampson, R. J. (2026) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20251826
Evolution of Violent Crime Reduction Strategies
Mcgarrell, E. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009879156
Ossa, U. O. F., Díaz, C., Sylleros, M., & Osorio, V. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-026-09783-z
Examining the offending population targeted by a local fugitive unit
Turchan, B. S., Wolfe, S. E., & Chillar, V. F. (2026) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2026-0128
Parker, K. F., & Nguyen, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11261387/v1
Michon, M. (2011) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/6wcp-r424
Metadata
- Authors
- BRAGA, A. A., KENNEDY, D. M., WARING, E. J., & PIEHL, A. M.
- ORCID
- BRAGA, ANTHONY A.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 195-225
- ISSN
- 0022-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-731X
- OpenAlex
- W2125710370
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 24.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- problem-oriented policing, deterrence, juvenile homicide, youth violence, gun violence, violence intervention programs, Boston, impact evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
