The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sociocultural Aspects of Pitch Differences between Japanese and Dutch Women
Abstract
Japanese women have been found to have higher pitches than Dutch women. This finding has been explained in the past by assuming that Japanese women raise their pitch in order to project a vocal image associated with feminine attributes of powerlessness. In the present study three hypotheses underlying such an assumption were tested experimentally: (1) the association of high pitch with attributes of physical and psychological powerlessness (short, weak, dependent, modest) in the Dutch and Japanese cultures, (2) a stronger differentiation between the ideal woman and man, in terms of powerlessness/power, in Japan than in the Netherlands, and (3) a preference for high pitch in women in Japan and for medium or low pitch in women in the Netherlands. All three hypotheses were confirmed. However, results also suggest a strong emphasis in Japan on masculinity in men, possibly leading to a lowering of pitch.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cross-cultural studies, for example, reveal that Japanese women speak with signi fi cantly higher pitch than their Dutch counterparts, a phenomenon attributed to differing gender norms and expectations surrounding femininity and deference (Van Bezooijen, 1995).”
From Examining the linguistic and behavioural patterns of gender identity in women with dissociative identity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as Van Bezooijen, 1995
In the citing paper
“Instead, this pattern aligns with Van Bezooijen ' s (1995) cultural model, which suggests that prosody is shaped by gender identity and social role, not just anatomy, particularly relevant in DID, where vocal modulation appears to re fl ect internalized gender scripts.”
From Examining the linguistic and behavioural patterns of gender identity in women with dissociative identity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as Van Bezooijen's (1995)
Citations
Cites
The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch
Ohala, J. J. (1995) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511751806.022 · Cited by 603
Cross-Language Use of Pitch: An Ethological View
Ohala, J. J. (1983) · Phonetica · doi:10.1159/000261678 · Cited by 444
Statistical Techniques for the Study of Language and Language Behaviour
Rietveld, T. C. M., & van Hout, R. (1993) · Mouton eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110871609 · Cited by 441
Pitch-synchronous waveform processing techniques for text-to-speech synthesis using diphones
Charpentier, F., & Moulines, É. (1989) · European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech) · doi:10.21437/eurospeech.1989-172 · Cited by 232
The frequency scale of speech intonation
Hermes, D. J., & van Gestel, J. C. (1991) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.402397 · Cited by 166
Speaking Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Nonsmoking Female Adults
Stoicheff, M. L. (1981) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.2403.437 · Cited by 164
Loveday, L. (1981) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/002383098102400105 · Cited by 161
Krook, M. (1988) · Folia phoniatrica · doi:10.1159/000265888 · Cited by 145
Modal Vocal Fundamental Frequency of Young Adults
Fitch, J. L., & Holbrook, A. (1970) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1970.04310040067012 · Cited by 123
Women in charge: Politeness and directives in the speech of Japanese women
Smith, J. S. S. (1992) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500015037 · Cited by 85
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- BROUWER, D., 1989, Gender variation in Dutch: A sociolinguistic study of Amsterdam speech.
- OHALA, J.J., 1994, Sound symbolism., 325
- OHARA, Y., 1992, Locating power. Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference, 2, 468
- OKAMOTO, S., 1992, Locating power. Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference, 2, 478
- TERASAWA, R., 1984, Onseigengoigaku, 25, 189
- TSUGE, S., 1987, Bull. Phonet. Jap., 185, 2
Cited by
Uncovering the role of gender stereotypes in speech perception
Strand, E. A. (1999) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x99018001006 · Cited by 388
Alotaibi, T., Almusharraf, N., & Imran, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05672-4 · Cited by 1
“Cross-cultural studies, for example, reveal that Japanese women speak with signi fi cantly higher pitch than their Dutch counterparts, a phenomenon attributed to differing gender norms and expectations surrounding femininity and deference (Van Bezooijen, 1995).”
Metadata
- Authors
- van Bezooijen, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Nijmegen
- Venue
- Language and Speech
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 253-265
- ISSN
- 0023-8309 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-6053
- OpenAlex
- W2153555222
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language and Speech (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
- Keywords
- voice pitch, Japanese women, Dutch women, gender stereotypes, femininity, masculinity, powerlessness, ideal woman, Japanese culture, Dutch culture
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Pitch Perception, Verbal Behavior, Women
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Sociocultural Aspects of Pitch Differences between Japanese and Dutch Women. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/002383099503800303
- The paper
- van Bezooijen, R. (1995). Sociocultural Aspects of Pitch Differences between Japanese and Dutch Women. Language and Speech. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099503800303
