The rate of expanded inner speech during spontaneous sentence productions
Abstract
The rate of expanded inner speech and speech aloud was compared in 20 typical adults (3 males, 17 females; M age = 24 years, SD = 4). Participants generated and timed spontaneous sentences with both expanded inner speech and speech aloud following the instruction to say "the first thing that comes to mind." The rate of expanded inner speech was slightly, but significantly, faster than the rate of speech aloud. The findings supported the hypothesis that expanded inner speech was faster than speech aloud because of the time required to move the articulators in the latter. Physical measures of speaking rate are needed to validate self-timed measures. Limitations of the study and directions for research are discussed.
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The speed of inner speech is significantly faster than overt speech.
“First, the speed of inner speech is significantly faster than overt speech (Mackay, 1981; Netsell et al., 2016), suggesting that inner speech may not be a fully fledged corollary discharge of the intended articulation.”
From Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework (2023) · cites this paper as Netsell et al., 2016
Cites
Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000021 · Cited by 808 · cited 4× · see citing works
“also Figure 1 in Alderson-Day and Ferneyhough (2015). 384 Perceptual and Motor Skills 123(2)”
BackgroundInfluentialHurlburt, R. T., Alderson-Day, B., Kühn, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Are Inner Speech Self-Report Questionnaires Reliable and Valid?
Uttl, B., Morin, A., & Hamper, B. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.332 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Grandchamp, R., Rapin, L., Perrone-Bertolotti, M., Pichat, C., Haldin, C., Cousin, E., Lachaux, J.-P., Dohen, M., Perrier, P., Garnier, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02019 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Pratts, J., Pobric, G., & Yao, B. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120399 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“First, the speed of inner speech is often faster than overt speech (Mackay, 1981; Netsell et al., 2016), suggesting that inner speech may not be a fully-fledged corollary discharge of the intended articulation.”
BackgroundCan we decode phonetic features in inner speech using surface electromyography?
Nalborczyk, L., Grandchamp, R., Koster, E. H. W., Perrone-Bertolotti, M., & Lœvenbruck, H. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233282 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yao, B., Taylor, J. R., Banks, B., & Kotz, S. A. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118313 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Netsell, R., Kleinsasser, S., & Daniel, T.
- Affiliations
- Missouri State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Netsell, Ronald
- Venue
- Perceptual and Motor Skills
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-08-25
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 383-393
- ISSN
- 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-688X
- OpenAlex
- W2512487679
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BearWorks (Missouri State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- speech rate, articulatory movements, inner speech
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Imagination, Language, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Speech, Young Adult
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