The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Teachers’ professional collaboration and trust relationships: An inferential social network analysis of teacher teams
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, teachers around the world have been increasingly confronted with various expectations concerning the improvement of their classroom practices and school activities. One factor widely acknowledged to facilitate school and classroom improvement is a strong collaborative culture among teachers. As such, teachers are expected to work in teacher teams, to collaborate closely with colleagues, to co-construct classroom practices, and thus to strengthen trust relationships within the team. A growing number of researchers has analyzed how teachers address these expectations. They suggest that there is a link between teachers’ embeddedness in collaboration networks and teachers’ trust relationships. The present study seeks to contribute to the research literature by presenting results of Social Network Analyses (SNA) and exponential random graph models (ERGMs) on teacher collaboration in nine secondary schools in Germany (N = 366 teachers). We investigate how the involvement of teachers in co-constructive collaboration in schools, measured by the amount of team teaching (TT), relates to teachers’ trust levels. Results of our analyses suggest that a high amount of TT is not necessarily related to a higher degree of trust among teachers at the school level. However, a high involvement of teachers in TT is related positively to their being perceived as trustworthy. Furthermore, the emergence of trust relations in teacher networks depends on general network characteristics, such as homophily, reciprocity and transitivity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“SNT complements this perspective by foregrounding the relational dimension of professional learning, highlighting how networks of peers, mentors, and institutional actors support teachers through feedback, modelling, and emotional affirmation.”
From Teaching Science anew in the Foundation Phase: Reimagining pre-service teacher learning for Inclusive Early Pedagogy (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415 · Cited by 18,567
BERGER, C. R., & CALABRESE, R. J. (1975) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x · Cited by 3,006
An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks
Robins, G. L., Pattison, P. E., Kalish, Y., & Lusher, D. (2006) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2006.08.002 · Cited by 2,001
Collective Teacher Efficacy: Its Meaning, Measure, and Impact on Student Achievement
Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2000) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312037002479 · Cited by 1,918
The Persistence of Privacy: Autonomy and Initiative in Teachers' Professional Relations
Little, J. W. (1990) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146819009100403 · Cited by 1,804
Teacher collaboration: A systematic review
Vangrieken, K., Dochy, F. J. R. C., Raes, E., & Kyndt, E. (2015) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.04.002 · Cited by 1,402
Network items and the general social survey
Burt, R. S. (1984) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/0378-8733(84)90007-8 · Cited by 1,170
Logit Models and Logistic Regressions for Social Networks: I. An Introduction to Markov Graphs and p
Wasserman, S., & Pattison, P. (1996) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294547 · Cited by 950
Effects of missing data in social networks
Kossinets, G. (2006) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2005.07.002 · Cited by 926
Thoonen, E. E. J., Sleegers, P. J. C., Oort, F. J., Peetsma, T. T. D., & Geijsel, F. P. (2011) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x11400185 · Cited by 766
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Gräsel C, 2006, Zeitschrift Für Pädagogik, 52, 205
- Kassebaum BU (2004) Interpersonelles Vertrauen – Entwicklung eines inventars zur erfassung spezifischer aspekte des konstrukts . Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
- Kricke M, 2016, Teamteaching: Eine Neue Kultur Des Lehrens Und Lernens
- Luhmann N, 2009, Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus Der Reduktions Sozialer Komplexität
- Mora-Ruano JG, 2018, Frontiers in Education, 3
Cited by
Teacher collaboration: conceptualisation and practice
Wijarwadi, W., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Alonzo, D. (2025) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2025.2504693 · Cited by 43
Teachers who stay in hard-to-staff schools: School responses to the teacher shortage crisis
McPherson, A., Lampert, J., & Baptista, A. C. (2025) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-025-00806-8 · Cited by 29
Bridging the gap: AI and teacher training for inclusive Education 4.0
Motta, N. B., Chiappe, A., & Sáez-Delgado, F. (2025) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.70033 · Cited by 27
Fan, X., & Chu, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040507 · Cited by 21
Nganga, L. W., Kambutu, J., & Maldonado, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2025.2451055 · Cited by 16
Kolleck, N. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-025-00498-1 · Cited by 12
Self-citationArar, K. H., Turan, S., Atmaca, T., & Kesim, E. (2026) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-026-09542-x · Cited by 12
Patrones y Predictores de Colaboración Docente: Un Estudio Mixto en Escuelas Chilenas
Ortega, L., Manaut, C., Palacios, D., & Martínez, M. V. (2022) · REICE Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad Eficacia y Cambio en Educación · doi:10.15366/reice2023.21.1.004 · Cited by 11
Implementation of The Project For Strengthening The Profile of Pancasila Students (P5) in Schools
Rediyono, R. (2024) · IJORER International Journal of Recent Educational Research · doi:10.46245/ijorer.v5i2.579 · Cited by 10
Andreoli, M., Ghirotto, L., Kurth, J. A., & Lascioli, A. (2024) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2024.2397458 · Cited by 9
Joshi, D. R., Khanal, J., & Chapai, K. P. S. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101359 · Cited by 9
Adams, D., Mohamed, A., Moosa, V., Shareefa, M., & Tan, K. L. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2025.2479746 · Cited by 9
Education in times of global crisis: How private actors in Germany gain power through Twitter
Schuster, J., & Kolleck, N. (2021) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.29.6741 · Cited by 9
Self-citationGabutan, J. J., Parpa, J. C., & Du, E. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0274 · Cited by 9
Taddese, E. T. (2023) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2023.2269902 · Cited by 8
Teachers' talent management and personal quality ensure a better tomorrow in education
Koh, A. S., & Razak, A. Z. A. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-10-2023-0523 · Cited by 8
Utami, K. P., Isfarudi, I., & Saprıatı, A. (2025) · Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran · doi:10.30605/jsgp.8.2.2025.5892 · Cited by 7
Juma, H., & Patel, G. S. (2024) · JOURNAL OF ISSUES AND PRACTICE IN EDUCATION · doi:10.61538/jipe.v16i.1437 · Cited by 6
Influencia de la diversidad generacional en las relaciones entre docentes
Cano, J. M. N., Vallejo, M., Soto, A. T., & Bernárdez-Gómez, A. (2024) · Profesorado Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado · doi:10.30827/profesorado.v28i1.29133 · Cited by 6
Teacher Learning Communities and Leadership: Insights from A DEIS Urban Second-Level School
Murphy, T. R. N., & Masterson, M. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12040114 · Cited by 6
Colebra, J., & Luna, E. D. (2025) · International Journal of Management and Administration · doi:10.29064/ijma.1761633 · Cited by 5
Collaborative Teaching Impact on Teacher Productivity in Nigerian Schools
Okeke, N. L. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0705-3.ch006 · Cited by 5
Tsuyuguchi, K. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102708 · Cited by 4
Exploring the Scientific Landscape of Teacher Competence: A Scientometric Analysis
Adriana, R., Sutarni, N., & Ahman, E. (2025) · JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES · doi:10.31258/jes.9.6.p.5587-5613 · Cited by 4
Professional relationships and professional learning from a generational perspective
Vallejo, M., Bernárdez-Gómez, A., Soto, A. T., & Cano, J. M. N. (2024) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2024.2335962 · Cited by 4
Kotilainen, N., Sirkko, R., & Takala, M. (2025) · Education Inquiry · doi:10.1080/20004508.2025.2518776 · Cited by 3
Majadley, E., Ismail, I. A., Aloshi, J., & Nuri, A. B. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7163-4.ch010 · Cited by 3
Quality Physical Education (QPE): Assessment, Challenges and Practices
Zhang, P., & L.Chang, L. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i08-26 · Cited by 3
Emiru, E. K., & Gedifew, M. T. (2024) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432241269411 · Cited by 3
Chianson, M. M., Achor, E. E., & Rott, B. (2024) · International Online Journal of Primary Education · doi:10.55020/iojpe.1392996 · Cited by 3
Roslina, R., Hanna, Lio, A., & Nasrul, N. (2024) · JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.21009/jtp.v26i1.43679 · Cited by 3
Relational Rhythms: Investigating Longitudinal Advice Networks of a Leadership Team During Reform
Liou, Y. I., Brouwer, J., Daly, A. J., & Lee, Y. (2025) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584251316469 · Cited by 2
Teachers and teaching in a shifting landscape of education: A global perspective
Kolleck, N. (2025) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/00345237251359455 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhang, M., Anyanwu, C. C., Liu, Y., & Junaidi, J. (2025) · Journal of Asian Scientific Research · doi:10.55493/5003.v15i4.5739 · Cited by 2
Sipahioğlu, M., Eryılmaz, N., & Pietsch, M. (2026) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432261423471 · Cited by 2
Feeling heard and respected: relational trust and teacher wellbeing in Australian schools
Vo, D. T., Allen, K.-A., & Reupert, A. (2026) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-026-00976-z · Cited by 2
The Co-Varying Ties between Networks and Item Responses via Latent Variables
Wang, S., Sweet, T. M., & Paul, S. (2026) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1017/psy.2026.10090 · Cited by 2
Exploring The Role of Team-Oriented HRM in Promoting Teamwork of Teachers
Runhaar, P. R., & van Woerkom, M. (2025) · Journal of Education Human Resources · doi:10.3138/jehr-2023-0058 · Cited by 2
Transforming Literacy Practices in Primary Schools: The Contribution of Teacher Learning Communities
Triningsih, W., Utami, R. T., Prayitno, H. J., Rahmawati, F., & Desstya, A. (2025) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-386-3_3 · Cited by 2
Wu, H., & Liao, F. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05846-0 · Cited by 2
Waldejer, B., Jensen, M. T., & Solheim, O. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1800096 · Cited by 2
Yhteisopettajuus ja sen toteutuminen yliopistossa: tapaustutkimus maantieteen FM-kurssilta
Yliskylä‐Peuralahti, J., Hautala, S., Maula, A., & Ojala, E. (2024) · Terra · doi:10.30677/terra.144852 · Cited by 1
Stories of Resilience: Exploring Teacher Experiences in Congested Classrooms
Abo, Y. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.460709 · Cited by 1
Fernando, M. P. M. (2026) · Pedagogy Culture and Society · doi:10.1080/14681366.2026.2613810 · Cited by 1
Albino, H. A., & Paglinawan, J. L. (2025) · International Journal of Scientific and Management Research · doi:10.37502/ijsmr.2025.81211 · Cited by 1
Teacher Education in a Global Context: Challenges and Innovations
Ramaila, S. M. (2026) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1010829 · Cited by 1
Rombach, K., & Guy, J. (2026) · PDS Partners Bridging Research to Practice · doi:10.1108/pdsp-09-2025-0017 · Cited by 1
Obmerga, M. E. (2026) · GiLE Journal of Skills Development · doi:10.52398/gjsd.2026.v6.i1.pp49-71 · Cited by 1
Teachers’ Collaboration Practices in Public Primary Schools in Tanzania: Evidence from Mwanza Region
Fundi, V., Mbogo, P. M., & Ngirwa, C. C. (2026) · MANAGERE Indonesian Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.52627/managere.v8i2.2228 · Cited by 1
Sukanti, L., & Fiyul, A. Y. (2026) · Research and Development in Education (RaDEn) · doi:10.22219/raden.v6i2.45239 · Cited by 1
Generalao, W. J. E., Baluyos, G. R., & Escorial, R. V. (2025) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25may802 · Cited by 1
Ruswa, N., & Nhase, Z. (2026) · Journal of Education and Learning Technology · doi:10.38159/jelt.20267410
“22 From a SoTL perspective, peer learning must therefore be reimagined as a site of collaborative inquiry, where PSTs co-construct knowledge, trial new strategies, and reflect collectively on their impact.”
Syanse, M. D., Sihotang, H., & Kailola, L. G. (2023) · Jurnal Dinamika Pendidikan · doi:10.51212/jdp.v16i3.235
BUILDING TRUST IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA: A MIXED METHODS STUDY
Suryanto, S. (2024) · Indonesian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.25134/ijli.v7i1.9543
Dave, P., Sawant, H. R., Sachdev, S. S., Lele, S., Gangurde, P. V., & Mishra, H. A. (2024) · Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.25259/ijpp_201_2024
Mastery Level of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Skills Among Prospective FPTV Teachers
Abdullah, N., & Rahim, M. B. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Future Ready Learning and Education · doi:10.37934/frle.37.1.111
The Reinvention of ELT Associations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Strategies
Ravindran, L., How, H. E., Selvaraj, T. A., & Ling, S. Y. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of ELT Research · doi:10.52696/aqpd1430
Cultural and micropolitical interactions of teacher relations
Tabancalı, E., & Öngel, G. (2024) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v44ns1a2438
Leveraging Learning Progressions to Enhance Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Education
Ramaila, S. M. (2025) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0655-0.ch003
Training Teachers in Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Bridging Method Between University and School
Gallo, P., & Iaquinta, R. (2025) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0655-0.ch012
GEYROZAGA, A., & Oliva, E. R. A. (2025) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001681320257625
Roslina, Miftachurohmah, N., Nasruddin, N., Nursamsir, N., Marlianti, R., & Nurhaeliani, N. (2025) · JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.21009/jtp.v27i1.49586
Meeting the Needs of English Learners With and Without Disabilities: A Team Approach to Intervention
Watson, S. M. R., & Donahue, T. (2025) · TESOL Journal · doi:10.1002/tesj.70058
Chaib, A., & Yahia, B. (2025) · Science Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems · doi:10.56334/sei/8.12.26
Tong, Y., Yuan, L., Luo, Q., Li, S., Yuan, Z., Ye, C., Ji, J., & Lu, X. (2025) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/es.2025.2498
Team Role Dynamics in Collaborative Research Teams: A Key to Participatory School Development
Strijbos, J. R., Malderen, E. V., Willegems, V., Consuegra, E., & Vaesen, J. (2025) · European Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.7146/ejie.v4i2.162043
Noro, C. B. (2024) · Nexus International Journal of Science and Education · doi:10.5281/zenodo.11480764
British Columbia Teachers’ Beliefs and Experiences on Implementing Social and Emotional Learning
Larkin, L. (2024) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
King, S. J. (2024) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Wissen über Bildung Bericht ... bis ...
Forschung, D. I. F. I. P. (n.d.)
Villarreal, E. V. (2024) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Yñigo Pumalloclla, E. (2022) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Luokanopettajien kokemuksia tiimityöstä tiimiorganisoiduissa kouluissa
Karjula, E. (2024) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Social Change Initiatives and Leadership Development of Secondary School Teachers
Asma, M. L., & Porcincula, E. J. (2025) · International journal of research and scientific innovation · doi:10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12110171
“Trust” Studies in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
Hacımustafaoğlu, D. (2025) · Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.52597/buje.1581660
“We Are The Heartbeat of The School”: A Framework for Educator-to-Educator Relationships
Hsieh, T., Nappa, L., Scott, A. R., & Pezalla, A. E. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251408933
Teachers' Social Network Tendency and Workplace Friendship: A Mixed-Method Study
Özenç, Y. Y., & Akyol, B. (2026) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.1739616
Sibala, R., & Lacostales, J. L. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.511006
Qin, M. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2635542
Shange, L. N. L. (2024) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Tasrim, I. W., Omolu, F. A., Mappewali, A., Nursida, & Hapsa (2026) · Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.34044/j.kjss.2026.47.1.03
Huang, X., Su, E. H. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, Y.-H., zhu, L. F., & Lin, J. Y. (2026) · Journal of Professional Capital and Community · doi:10.1108/jpcc-09-2025-0102
Stephens, T. (2026) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Halimah, N., Muslimin, A. I., & Prabjandee, D. (2026) · Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) · doi:10.33474/j-reall.v7i1.24655
Mosaei, T., & Mokhampanyane, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Education and Learning Technology · doi:10.38159/jelt.2026735
Kolleck, N. (2026) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06821-7_16
Self-citationTrabajo colaborativo en el desempeño docente en una red educativa de Kancharisun, 2024
Condori, J. E. C. (2025) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Daypuyat, A., Salaveria, A., Pilapil, I. A., Nalzaro, M., Logroño, G., Angga, M. J., Umpad, J., Basilisco, N., & Aventuna, M. (2026) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.76689
Wang, J. (2026) · International Conference on Informatics Education and Computer Technology Applications (IECA) · doi:10.1145/3802133.3802187
Leibur, T. (2026) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu)
Gross, D., & MANCEL, C. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Education Studies · doi:10.48166/ejaes.1914930
Korpershoek, H. (2026) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v14i1.1597
Chávez, B. V., & Maciel, Á. M. (2026) · Acta Sociológica · doi:10.22201/fcpys.24484938e.2026.99.95524
Codocencia e inclusión: una revisión cualitativa de la literatura científica
Álvarez-Couto, M., Larzabal, E. H., Arrizabalaga, H. G., & Sánchez-Cabrero, R. (2026) · Alteridad · doi:10.17163/alt.v21n2.2026.07
Rao, F. (2026) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/5mk0-re05
Qoyyumillah, N. I., Aziz, I. N., & Nashrullah (2026) · EDU-RELIGIA Jurnal Keagamaan dan Pembelajarannya · doi:10.52166/edu-religia.v9i1.12446
Päätalo, K., Mayor, P., Pinola, S., & Saarnio, R. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2026.2700563
The social and emotional dynamics of teachers’ peer relationships
Kington, A., Looker, B., Dawes, I., Weaver, T., & Blackmore, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1907631
Exploring teacher collaboration practices in public primary schools in Mwanza Region, Tanzania
Fundi, V., Mbogo, P. M., & Ngirwa, C. C. (2026) · African Quarterly Social Science Review · doi:10.51867/aqssr.3.3.9
Stora, L. (2024) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Metadata
- Authors
- Kolleck, N., Schuster, J., Hartmann, U., & Gräsel, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wuppertal (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kolleck, Nina
- Venue
- Research in Education
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-07-09
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-107
- ISSN
- 0034-5237 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-4608
- OpenAlex
- W3179962738
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Research in Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Pedocs (German Institute for International Educational Research) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- peDOCS (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Collaborative Teaching and Inclusion
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Keywords
- teacher collaboration, teacher teams, trust relationships, team teaching, social networks, homophily, reciprocity, transitivity, secondary schools, teacher professional development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.