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Techniques for nothingness: Debate over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen in early-twentieth-century Japan
Abstract
This paper explores a debate that took place in Japan in the early twentieth century over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen. The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan, and it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields. In the debate, we find that contemporaries readily incorporated ideas from psychology and Buddhism to reconstruct the experiences and concepts of hypnosis and Buddhist nothingness. The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between the two fields. The debate, moreover, reveals that psychology tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by religious introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a positive way. In the end, however, psychology no longer regarded them as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools but merely as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained.
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TL;DR
This paper examines an early-twentieth-century Japanese debate over whether hypnosis and Zen are comparable mental states, showing that psychologists and Buddhist figures drew fluidly on each other’s concepts before ultimately separating abnormal/pathological hypnosis from transcendental Zen. The debate reveals both attempts to integrate psychology and Buddhism and the boundary-work that later made religious experience an object of psychological study rather than a psychotherapeutic or experimental tool.
Key findings
- Fukurai Tomokichi argued in a 1908 article that Zen was simply a state of hypnosis, comparing induction methods, illusions/hallucinations, and brain anemia; Ono Fukuhei promoted hypnosis as “experimental Zen” to replace sitting-Zen.
- Opponents including Shaku Sōyen, Okada Gihō, Motora Yūjirō, and Iritani Tomosada distinguished hypnosis as passive, abnormal, or pathological from Zen as active, transcendental, or awakening; Sōyen divided Zen into five levels and said only gedō Zen might resemble hypnosis.
- The debate subsided after 1912 without resolution; psychology came to treat religious experiences as particular subjective experiences to investigate and explain, not as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools, while hypnotism increasingly moved toward occult reijutsu.
- The paper argues the boundary between psychology and Buddhism was fluid, with mutual borrowing, and that the Zen-hypnosis comparison anticipated later indigenous psychotherapies such as Morita therapy and Naikan therapy.
Methods
- Historical and intellectual-history analysis of a debate in early-twentieth-century Japan, based on published writings, articles, books, and speeches by psychologists, hypnotists, and Zen figures.
- Sources include Fukurai’s *Saimin Shinrigaku* and 1908 article, Ono’s *Ono Saimingaku*, Murakami’s lectures, Sōyen’s “What Is Enlightenment?” and *Seiza no Susume*, Okada’s *Zengaku Kōyō*, Motora’s writings, and Iritani’s *Zen no Shirimato Kenkyū*.
- Analysis is qualitative and contextual, tracing arguments, concepts such as nothingness, attention, brain anemia, and suggestion, and boundary-work; no quantitative data or formal sampling are reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that the long and rich history of Zen Buddhism in Japan is beyond its scope.
- No formal limitations section is provided; the study is based on published contemporary texts and does not report systematic sampling or quantitative measures (evident from the text).
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Claims the paper makes
104 Sources not found · 69 Own interpretation · 60 Own result · 18 No basis given · 12 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“This paper explores a debate that took place in Japan in the early twentieth century over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 1 · plain
“In the early twentieth century, a debate took place over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen in Japan.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 1 · plain
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“contemporaries readily incorporated ideas from psychology and Buddhism to reconstruct the experiences and concepts of hypnosis and Buddhist nothingness.”
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In the paper
“it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields.”
- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
“it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some psychology scholars and intellectuals had tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by Buddhist introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a productive way, attempting to use them as a window into the inner psyche, and as psychotherapeutic methods.”
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In the paper
“With these reforms, Zen became fashionable again in the 'era of anguish' of the early twentieth century.”
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In the paper
“Furthermore, some of them increasingly saw the enhancement of suggestibility as morally and socially dangerous, particularly when crowd psychology became a subject of concern in the wake of a series of social disturbances beginning in 1905.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“However, Inoue held conflicting views on the nothingness of hypnosis.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Dr. Majima Tōhaku, the first physician committed to hypnotherapy in Japan, similarly described hypnosis as a state of 'no self'.”
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In the paper
“Sitting-Zen, as a health, therapeutic, and cultivation method, was often compared to other methods with similar objectives, including hypnosis.”
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In the paper
“In other words, he seems to have regarded hypnosis as abnormal and pathological instead of sacred and transcendental.”
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In the paper
“Fukurai claimed to have first noticed the similarity between Zen and hypnosis in his experimental subjects' self-observations and reports of their hypnotic experiences.”
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“Kumamoto accordingly invented a new induction method to replace the then-standard eye-fixation.”
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In the paper
“Based on his theories, a number of hypnotists began to pursue this comparison further.”
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In the paper
“Trying to draw a clear distinction between psychology and Buddhism, several leading psychologists and Zen masters used the comparison of hypnosis and Zen to illustrate their differences in basic assumptions and methods.”
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In the paper
“In 1895, for his psychological study of Zen, Motora went to Engakuji to practice sitting-Zen under the instruction of Sōyen.”
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“Apart from Fukurai, several other psychologists had tried to study Buddhism from the perspective of psychology.”
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“Nevertheless, he said, he felt the need to publicly state his views on the issue after reading a doctor's article which, to his surprise, argued that Zen enlightenment was hypnosis and that sitting-Zen was nothing but a hypnotic method.”
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- Not matchedcites [77]
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In the paper
“Most people arguing against the comparison used similar strategies to make their case.”
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In the paper
“He agreed with them that Zen was a state of nothingness and attentiveness.”
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“He also reframed the cultivation of Zen in the psychological theory of attention.”
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In the paper
“For example, Okada Gihō, a famous Zen monk and scholar, also argued from this angle against the comparison of hypnosis with Zen.”
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“Meanwhile, there were students of Zen invoking psychological theories to reinterpret and reconstruct Buddhist teachings.”
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“Although psychoanalysis appears to have dominated discussions about the unconscious in academic and literary circles since the 1920s, only a few people had actually experienced psychoanalysis in Japan before 1945.”
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In the paper
“Psychologists opposing the comparison adopted a similar line of argument.”
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In the paper
“Its perspectives, however, were much less diverse than in the first decade of the twentieth century, with the more naturalistic approaches adopted by the earlier Fukurai, Ono, and Murakami largely abandoned.”
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“Psychology no longer held that religious experiences were founded on the same principles as normal and abnormal mental lives, regarding them as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained, rather than as a window into the inner psyche.”
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“This, however, does not mean that psychotherapy in Japan ceased to draw inspiration from Buddhism.”
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In the paper
“First, one can find that, in this debate, 'orthodox' psychologists and religious leaders, such as Motora, Sōyen and Okada, respected and supported each other's authority in their respective field.”
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In the paper
“By that time, this view had become the dominant one in Japanese academic psychology, which, as many scholars point out, had developed in the direction of German experimental psychology since the early twentieth century, particularly after Matsumoto succeeded Motora to the professorship at Tokyo Imperial University in 1912 and Fukurai was forced to resign one year later.”
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“Neither side was persuaded to change its stance.”
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In the paper
“For example, Motora's view on this issue changed over time.”
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“The distinction between ordinary and religious psychological experiences had remained vague for psychologists for most of the first decade of the twentieth century.”
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In the paper
“Although some reijutsu masters still claimed that hypnosis and Zen were the same mental states, there was no serious attempt to explore the unconscious mental life by comparing Zen and hypnosis in the restructured mental world in which psychology, Buddhism, and reijutsu each played a distinct and separate role.”
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In the paper
“and this extraordinary state, moreover, was not the privilege of few people with singular constitutions but could be achieved by anyone through hypnosis or self-cultivation.”
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In the paper
“its essence was that a hypnotized person could consciously and intentionally halt the flow of consciousness and return to the original state of mind or the unconscious;”
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“its induction method consisted of the traditional techniques of sitting, breathing, and meditation;”
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“the unconscious was not a split and rudimentary consciousness, but a full consciousness that was intellectually, morally, and spiritually superior to ordinary consciousness;”
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“people who were hypnotized could thus achieve more comprehensive and deeper self-reflection and self-understanding than they could in a waking state;”
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In the paper
“as it prompted psychologists and orthodox religious leaders to define and defend their respective boundaries by drawing absolute distinctions between normal, pathological, and mystical mental states.”
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In the paper
“The delineation of the boundaries partly explains why the rich exchange between psychology and Buddhism occurring in the period has seldom been examined from the perspective of the history of psychology.”
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In the paper
“The debate, moreover, reveals that psychology tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by religious introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a positive way.”
- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
“the debate reveals that some psychology scholars and intellectuals had tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by Buddhist introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a productive way”
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In the paper
“In the end, however, psychology no longer regarded them as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools but merely as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained.”
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In the paper
“The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between the two fields.”
- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
“The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between psychology and Buddhism.”
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In the paper
“A significant part of their interest in hypnosis was driven by religious and philosophical concerns.”
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In the paper
“the boundary between psychology and religion might have been even more fluid, with these concepts open to different kinds of meanings and understandings.”
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“Instead, it was a fully enlightened and indivisible transcendent self.”
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In the paper
“Inoue here seems to have the Buddhist meaning in mind when he used the term to describe the hypnotic state.”
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In the paper
“This Buddhist concept of self exerted great influence on these pioneers' understandings of hypnosis.”
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In the paper
“Indeed, in Japan - where, as Ichiyanagi points out, the conceptions of the psyche ( seishin ), the soul ( shinrei ), and the mind ( shinri ) had just been formed or transformed with the introduction of Western medicine and psychology”
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In the paper
“and some prominent scholars' research into hypnosis could not be separated from their philosophical or religious interest.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When they used the two different senses of nothingness to describe and define hypnosis, they actually thought that there were associations between them that were worth exploration.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This ostensible contradiction reveals the deeper reason behind these early proponents' interest in hypnosis.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, by 1910, these techniques had become one of the most popular, if not the most popular, hypnosis induction methods in Japan.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, their views concerning the similarity between hypnosis and Zen were deemed unworthy of serious consideration.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the above analysis reveals strong Buddhist influence upon his, as well as Fukurai's, understanding of hypnosis and related concepts, such as the second personality.”
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their idea of hypnosis as a state with extraordinary self-awareness and willpower was formed with reference to the concept of Zenjō .”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of traditional body techniques as induction methods also made hypnosis more accessible and agreeable.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be fair, this criticism is misplaced, as it was directed against mesmerism and other forms of mystical hypnosis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of both theory and technique, the secularized form of Zen proposed by Sōyen was similar to Fukurai's, Ono's, and Murakami's Zen-hypnosis.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By characterizing hypnosis as a passive and dependent state of mind, they could treat it as a purely empirical phenomenon belonging to the domain of psychology and, at the same time, keep the transcendental experiences of Zen within the realm of religion.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were more similarities than differences between Sōyen's psychological reading of Zen and those hypnotists' Buddhist reading of hypnosis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the popularity of this approach might have contributed to the formation and widening of the gap by propelling psychology and Buddhism to more clearly define their boundaries.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, there was more consensus and collaboration than conflict between psychology and religion.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The popularity of reijutsu in the 1910s and 1920s reflected a persistent desire to bridge the gap between science and religion.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By assigning hypnosis and Zen to the radically different categories of abnormal or pathological and spiritual mental experiences, psychology and Buddhism defended their respective boundaries against all kinds of 'unorthodox' doctrines and practices.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To uphold this framework, they had to denounce other frameworks trying to integrate varied levels of mental experiences.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, this hypnotic state was modeled on Zen.”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this debate, one can easily notice that there was not only one, but many hypnotic states.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 148
- It may state two separate claims as one. 101
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those involved included leading contemporary psychologists and Zen masters.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the few studies that have touched upon the debate merely treat it as an example of the mystical turn of Japanese hypnotism.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the scientific and medical interest in hypnosis declined in the 1910s and 1920s, reijutsu flourished and formed a movement comparable to the modern occultist movements in the contemporary West.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were a considerable number of people hoping to find through hypnosis new forms of spirituality that were founded on and could be proved by science.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some Enlightenment-oriented intellectuals attempted to use hypnosis to scientifically explain, and thus normalize or even pathologize, religious miracles and mystical phenomena.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hitherto, the debate has received little attention from historians of either Japanese hypnotism or religion”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a few Japanese intellectuals became attracted to this new science and medicine of mind. They sporadically introduced a wide range of Western theories and practices of hypnosis”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan”
- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
“The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § HOS · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first one developed around 1887, shortly after hypnosis was first known to the Japanese through intellectuals returning from studying abroad.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a second and much larger wave of interest began in 1903 and continued to grow for about a decade.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the first one, this new wave of interest was not dominated by intellectual elites. Of the wealth of publications on hypnosis in the last decade of the Meiji period (1867-1912), most were written for the general public.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hypnotism figured prominently in contemporary discussions about science and religion.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They proposed replacing Zen-sitting with hypnosis, claiming that hypnosis was a more reliable and efficient scientific method for the cultivation of Zen.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They regarded hypnosis as a science capable of enlightening the Japanese people by providing rational explanations for all kinds of mystical phenomena.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insufficient attention has been paid to the significance of hypnotism, psychical research and reijutsu to the history of psychology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some people argued that they were similar, even identical, mental states.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In their hands, hypnosis developed into a variety of occult reijutsus (literally, spiritual techniques).”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other people, however, denounced the comparison as misplaced and misleading, maintaining that the two mental states were absolutely different and utterly incomparable.”
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their efforts, however, failed to attract the attention of the wider public. Judging by the small number of publications on the subject, interest subsided for most of the 1890s and the early years of the new century.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whichever side they took, they all acknowledged that there were indeed resemblances between hypnosis and Zen, which they thought were important to grasping the nature of the two mental states, and thus needed to be explored and clarified.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although it was not until the early twentieth century that the comparison between hypnosis and Zen was earnestly pursued, some pioneers of hypnotism had noticed their similarity in the late 1880s.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-cultivation became a major concern in the face of the intensifying competition and confusion of values.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“He linked the popularity of hypnosis with the rise of socialist and nihilistic thoughts in Japan,”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Takeuchi, for example, warned of the dangers of hypnosis, contending that hypnosis inevitably led to the enhancement of suggestibility.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Like Moll, some medical doctors and intellectuals actively promoted the therapeutic use of hypnosis and suggestion, while at the same time they launched attacks on the misuse of hypnosis by lay healers and self-styled priests.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inoue described the cessation of conscious activity in hypnosis as a state of 'no will and no mind', which originally was a Buddhist idea, referring to a state of returning to the true self attained by eliminating all distracting and deluded thoughts.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many Zen masters began to put more emphasis on the worldly benefits of sitting-Zen, promoting it not only as a religious practice but also as a method of improving health, treating diseases, and cultivating oneself that could help practitioners gain happiness and success in this life.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“worried by lay hypnotists' extravagant claims, scientists and physicians began to express disapproval of hypnosis and to lobby the government to restrict its practice to medical doctors.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Faced with such challenges, some Buddhist sects began to reform themselves to adapt to the new world, including Zen Buddhism.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“He categorized sitting-Zen as psychotherapy by self-power, whereas hypnosis, in his view, was psychotherapy by another's power.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Contemporary interest in hypnosis came from several interrelated aspects. First, people sought in hypnotherapy an alternative cure-all. Second, some people regarded hypnosis as a technique of seeing into and controlling others' minds and hoped, by means of it, to have the upper hand in social relationships which were becoming increasingly complex at the turn of the century. Third, some people were”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ōsawa Kenji, a physiology professor and then the head of the medical department of Tokyo Imperial University, once compared hypnosis to Zenjō (the Zen calm) and quoted a Zen master as saying that his 'sitting-Zen is also a hypnotic method.'”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By that term, however, he sometimes referred to habitual or reflex unconscious actions, and even to pathological states of losing self-awareness like somnambulism and fox possession, but sometimes to a state of pure innocence that belonged to the sacred Buddhist realm of 'no self.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kondō Yoshizō held that, with higher mental functions coming to a halt, hypnotized subjects were like decerebrate animals;”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A variety of old and new cultivation methods were invented or reinvented, competing for the attention of those who wished to improve themselves and their life.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also efforts to use the knowledge about modern physiology and psychology to elucidate and reinterpret the teachings of Zen.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and regarded hypnosis as harmful to morality and health on both individual and collective levels.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although they championed the use of hypnosis for medical and correctional purposes, hypnosis, in their view, was of no spiritual significance; nor could it serve as a method of self-cultivation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was natural that students of hypnosis and Zen began to make comparisons between the two extraordinary mental states. They attempted not only to explain Zen by hypnosis but also vice versa, and thereby reshaped their understanding of both Zen and hypnosis.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inoue Enryō, a major philosopher, Buddhist reformer, and leading figure in hypnosis during the period, contended that the 'nothingness' of hypnosis, which he described as a state of 'no will and no mind,' was responsible for its therapeutic effects.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Majima concluded that philosophy was vital to the fundamental understanding of hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An increasing number of people began to harbor doubts about the path the country had taken, and to feel discontent with the Western scientific materialist worldview.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The government's subsequent religious policies, which were intended to build Shinto as the state religion, and the advent of Western modernity further undermined Buddhism's position.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Questions were also raised about Western medicine, to which the government had granted monopoly power in 1874, with concerns growing that its emphasis on treating diseases, rather than strengthening constitutions, had led to the deterioration of national health.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In his view, the two mental states were active and passive, respectively, and of different natures.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These books covered the wide diversity of views currently circulating in the Western world.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They mostly adopted the Nancy School theory and regarded hypnosis as a state of enhanced suggestibility.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“but at the same time, he equated the hypnotic nothingness with the Buddhist one, exalting it as the 'the original feature of the soul.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some people remained interested in hypnosis, but most of them were concerned with its spiritual dimensions. They developed hypnosis into a variety of reijutsus and continued the mystical trend arising in the first decade of the twentieth century into the late 1920s.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the wake of a couple of high-profile scandals, hypnosis rapidly lost its appeal in the early 1910s.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many contemporary hypnotists had made similar attempts, particularly with regard to the technical side.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both kanhō and mashō , in Fukurai's view, were simply suggestive or autosuggestive phenomena.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Instead, he stressed that the brain anemia in hypnosis was fundamentally different from that in sleep, for brain blood flow in hypnosis could change swiftly in response to suggestion, which he claimed to have confirmed by experimenting with Italian physiologist Angelo Mosso's technique of 'human circulation balance.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The only difference between hypnosis and Zen was that no-self was attained on one's own in the latter but with outside help in the former.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hypnosis, in his view, was a modern scientific method for Zen cultivation by which practitioners could attain the state of Zen in a reliable and efficient way.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kuwabara stressed that he had proved the teachings of Zen by hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They not only called for the teachings and practices of Zen to be modernized but also promoted hypnosis as a modern method of Zen cultivation.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“'From the perspective of psychology,' he wrote, 'hypnosis is the temporary halt of active mental activity' and could be simply described as 'a state of no self.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The most remarkable feature of Murakami's hypnosis is the exclusive emphasis that he placed on verbal suggestion.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It was the manifestation of what Alfred Binet called 'the second personality,' which was equivalent to the 'fundamental mind' ( honshin ) and 'ontological essence' ( hontai ) in Buddhism.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although he held that hypnosis was physiologically a state of brain anemia,”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this state of nothingness, he contended, the mind returned to its original nature and recovered its connection, as a small spirit, to the Great Spirit that was the source of the beings of the universe.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Kumashiro Hikotarō, another wellknown hypnotist of the time, posited that taking proper postures and doing deep abdominal breathing, which was a long-established method for Zen cultivation, was an effective way to induce brain anemia, which, in turn, was essential to achieving quietness and the state of no will and no thought.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although they used different methods, hypnosis and Zen cultivation had exactly the same goals and effects.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Based on these comparisons, Fukurai, in a 1908 article, contended that Zen was simply a state of hypnosis, and hoped that further comparative study would provide a full psychological account of the two mental states.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“First, he compared their respective methods of achieving nothingness, finding that the meditation methods of Zen, including introspective meditation and kōan meditation, were much the same as the fixed-gaze method of hypnotic induction in terms of mechanism and effects.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fukurai's claim that hypnosis and Zen were the same mental states provoked much discussion, prompting leading figures in Zen Buddhism and psychology to join the debate.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the reijutsu masters of the 1910s and 1920s often compared hypnosis to traditional religious experiences.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“he strongly opposed the view, held by the likes of Hippolyte Bernheim, Auguste Forel and Moll, that hypnosis was normal sleep or part of normal sleep.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“By this method, a person could be easily induced into a state of hypnosis that was equivalent to the 'understanding of nothingness' ( mukan ) pursued by Zen practitioners, Kumamoto claimed.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ono thus argued that Zenjō , which was a state of no self, was a hypnotic state, and that the state of 'wisdom' ( e ), in which one attained comprehensive insights, was an effect of suggestion.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kuwabara maintained that hypnosis was a state of 'no will, no thought, no self, and no mind.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“An anemic brain, he contended, was the physiological basis of both Zen and hypnosis, and corresponded to their psychological characteristics of being exceptionally calm, quiet, and perceptive.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He called on Zen practitioners to replace traditional sitting-Zen with hypnosis, which he called the 'experimental Zen.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although they were worried by the prevalence of reijutsu , most scientists, orthodox Buddhist priests, and intellectual elites seldom gave serious thought to reijutsu masters' theories and practices, but often straightforwardly dismissed them as superstition or heresy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an efficient method of eliminating personality, hypnosis could reunite the mind with the Great Spirit and realize its psychic capacities, including healing, clairvoyance, fortunetelling, and telekinesis, all of which Kuwabara claimed to have confirmed by experiments on himself.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Elaborating on the experience, Fukurai described hypnosis as a state of 'being totally calm, just like a pool of absolutely balanced, quiet and waveless water.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“With hypnosis, he hoped to re-establish the authority of Buddhism by providing it with a firm foundation of scientific, experimental facts.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He advised modern practitioners to choose a preferred saying appropriate for the cultivation of moral virtues, be it from the Bible, the Analects of Confucius, or any other great philosophical work, and meditate upon it, arguing that, with these modern kōans , sitting-Zen was nonetheless an effective method, even for non-believers, to improve morality, intelligence, and willpower.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As far as hypnosis was concerned, Murakami held that hypnosis without suggestion was a state of full passive attention and that hypnosis with suggestion was one of full active attention.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, he stressed that it was wrong to confuse hypnosis with Zen, for the two, despite some resemblances, were of an absolutely different nature.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Concerning the title, he acknowledged at the outset that, according to Zen doctrine, the state of enlightenment could not, and should not, be taught or explained in words.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They came to concur that hypnosis was an abnormal or pathological mental state complying with mechanical, objective psychological laws, which was absolutely different from the transcendental, subjective Zen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For them, there was no significant gap between psychology and Buddhism, whose mutual enrichment and validation were, to some extent, deemed natural and necessary.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“On the other hand, Sōyen stressed that bonpu Zen was, nonetheless, merely a worldly level of Zen and could not lead to true Zen enlightenment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth noting that the two respective leading figures in psychology and Buddhism who raised objections to the comparison had a close connection, which is another example of the rich exchanges between the two fields at the time.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It, therefore, was an effective method for training attention.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Borrowing from Guifeng Zongmi (780-841), a Chinese Zen monk of the Tang Dynasty, Sōyen divided Zen into five different levels: gedō (heretical) Zen; bonpu (ordinary-people) Zen; hīnayāna Zen; mahāyāna Zen; and ultimate Zen.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There was therefore little difference between Zen and hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He also gave an abstract interpretation of the miraculous powers described in Buddhist texts, understanding them more as metaphors for the enlightenment of the mind than realities, and thereby drew a line between them and psychic phenomena upon which occultists like Kuwabara attempted to build new religions.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Self-hypnosis, in particular, was a more efficient and reliable method of Zen cultivation than sitting-Zen.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Moreover, he argued for the need to reform kōan , contending that those mysterious, unintelligible traditional kōans were too difficult and troublesome for most contemporary Zen practitioners, who, without religious talent or aspiration, only sought in Zen a method for self-cultivation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Unlike Sōyen, Okada spoke positively of hypnosis, praising it as a body of scholarship developed by psychologists based on meticulous scientific studies.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He stressed that the state of enlightenment, in which thinking and emotions attained their ultimate accomplishment, was intuitively experienced and could not be understood and explained by psychology, philosophy or other sciences.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sōyen held a mixed view of bonpu Zen, which he explained as practicing religion for worldly ends as well but based on rational beliefs.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sitting-Zen, he explained, could not only inhibit psychological reflexes and thereby prevent wasting mental energy, but also activate and sustain intentional attention.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is no wonder that, although Sōyen was opposed to comparing Zen to hypnosis, some hypnotists had quoted him in support of the contrary argument.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, Japanese hypnotists made a series of comparisons between Zen and hypnosis, pointing out the similarities between their nothingness, attentiveness, active imaginations, hallucinations, physiological bases, induction techniques, and therapeutic and cultivation effects, and between hypnotic suggestion and Zen insight.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The state of attention in samadhi, he maintained, was identical to that in hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Practicing bonpu Zen, he maintained, was beneficial for mental as well as physical health, and was a remedy for the ills of contemporary brain-centered, overintellectualized, and overspecialized culture.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In his opinion, this was the only level of Zen that might resemble hypnosis in some respects.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In his view, hypnosis, as a regressive and pathological mental state, could not be more different from the transcendental state of Zen, which produced extraordinary mental powers.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hypnosis essentially consisted of an extraordinary state of intentional attention, he contended.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The mental life in Zen cultivation is full and perfect, consisting of consistent and coherent mental activities. By contrast, that in hypnosis is disconnected and localized, devoid of mental activities other than those related to suggestions and lacking judgment and differentiation abilities.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He posited that the effects of post-hypnotic suggestion could provide an explanation for how the experience of enlightenment brought about persistent and cumulative mental changes.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Under the supervision of Matsumoto Matatarō - a student of William Wundt and the successor to Motora at Tokyo Imperial University - Iritani, a student of psychology at the university, conducted a study on the psychology of Zen through questionnaire and text analysis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [95]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some of them also drew on Buddhism to understand psychoanalytic experiences and conceived the attainment of psychoanalytic insight as some kind of intuitive experience akin to Buddhist sudden enlightenment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It became more cautious about psychological interpretations of its thoughts and practices and tried to ensure its roles in modern society by drawing a clear distinction between itself and science.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They all held that hypnosis was merely an abnormal or pathological mental state whose only counterpart in religion was superstition, and that psychology had no access to the core of belief, but could (and should) only study the external appearance of religious experiences.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He contended that although the two were both states of 'no thought and no will,' they were completely different in terms of the 'attitude of mind.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From his own experience, he concluded that Zen, in the language of psychology, was a mental state in which the mind did away with the manifest consciousness and activity, which were mainly intellectual in nature, and returned to the latent consciousness and activity, which comprised emotions and wills.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zen practitioners attaining the state of Zenjō were fully conscious and carried on all mental processes.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They shared many views and interests in common, and complemented each other to draw an absolute distinction between religious mystical experiences and normal and pathological mental states.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As for the state of Zenjō , Okada first stressed that it was impossible to experiment with Zenjō on oneself or others in the same manner as with hypnosis, because Zenjō was an esoteric and profound mental state that was very difficult to attain.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hypnosis was regarded as an ordinary, abnormal, or pathological mental state, which belonged to the domain of abnormal psychology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, Zenjō was by no means an 'unconscious' state, Okada contended.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, much of this openness had disappeared by 1908, when Fukurai explicitly argued that hypnosis and Zen were the same mental states.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Starting from around 1910, Japanese hypnotism developed largely in the direction of occult reijutsu , and most of those who continued to take an interest in hypnosis mainly concerned themselves with the psychic powers of the mind.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zenjō , Okada contended, was not an 'inorganic,' mechanical state of 'no thought' ( bushiryō ) but a state with 'un-thought' ( hishiryō ), which was selfless, non-egoistic, and beyond prejudice.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zen, by contrast, was regarded as a mystical state incidentally attained through religious practices, which, as exemplified by Iritani's research, had to be studied from the particular perspective of religious psychology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By contrast, the mind was totally passive in hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Moreover, this period saw the emergence of several indigenous forms of psychotherapy, such as Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which were as popular and influential as psychoanalysis, if not more so.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zen enlightenment, he held, was similar to the divine inspiration of Methodist meditation, both of which were the attainment of the unity of latent consciousness.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The debate subsided after 1912 without really being resolved.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They also narrowly defined hypnosis as a mental state devoid of consciousness and volitional control, regarding it as either an ordinary state like sleep or a pathological one like hysteria.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An absolute distinction was drawn between hypnosis and Zen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“He pointed out that in the state of Zen, the mind, although unaffected by outside stimuli for being absolutely focused on the kōan , remained active and, once activated, would work in a coordinated way as it did in normal consciousness.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even Fukurai had devoted himself to psychic and mystical research and was forced to resign from his post at Tokyo Imperial University for his adamant position on the reality of psychic powers.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Okada thus concluded that although hypnosis and Zenjō were similarly described as a state of 'nothingness,' they differed in terms of the existence or nonexistence of consciousness, volition, and autonomy and were totally incomparable.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Seemingly identical techniques actually produced opposite effects and served opposite purposes in the two practices.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As for Zen, they increasingly considered it beyond the scope of psychological experiment and tended to understand it independently of normal and abnormal psychology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was beyond description and explanation, which was why Zen Buddhism had seldom provided an explanation of Zenjō and, even if it did, could only come up with some vague descriptions, such as 'unspeakable' ( gongodōdan ), 'unthinkable' ( iryofudō ), 'manifest' ( arawa ), or 'strike' ( katsu ) for the most profound experiences.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, those who argued for the similarity between hypnosis and Zen stood their ground, but increasingly pursued the comparison in a mystical direction.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It only acted according to suggestions, with some centers becoming hyperactive while others remaining inactive, which resulted in abnormal mental phenomena such as illusion, hallucination, and somnambulism.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Okada defined hypnosis as 'a mental state of no will and no thought in which all spontaneous mental activities come to a halt.'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many of them claimed or were thought to have their roots in Buddhism and placed great emphasis on attaining a transcendental state of mind through intuitive introspection.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fukurai, Ono, and Murakami conceived of, and their clients experienced, a hypnotic state that was different from the Western hypnotic states in many important respects:”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their principal targets of attack, respectively, were those 'heresies' within their own fields, such as Fukurai for psychology, and new religions for organized Buddhism.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These schools of psychology, although previously ignored by historians of psychology, were just as influential, if not more so, as the German experimental psychology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hypnosis, as a controlled and reproducible altered state of consciousness, was an important experimental tool for exploring the deeper psyche in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies on hypnosis and its associated phenomena, such as automatic writing, laid a theoretical and methodological foundation for investigating and understanding various extraordinary mental states and the working of the unconscious mind.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pierre Janet's experimental psychopathology and Edmund Gurney's and Frederic William Henry Myers's psychical research were among the most remarkable schools of psychology inspired by this approach.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another important psychologist in this regard was William James, who was influential in contemporary Japan.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hypnosis became an important - if not the most important - tool for experimental psychology and psychotherapy.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They played pivotal roles in the history of dynamic psychology and psychiatry, and have contributed greatly to the understanding of the unconscious and the conception of psychology as a person-centered science.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“James thought highly of Janet's and Myers's works.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“academic interest in hypnosis in the West was recently revived first by Jean-Martin Charcot's work and then by the dispute between his Salpêtrière School and the Nancy School.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among historians, the accepted view is that there were two waves of interest in hypnosis in Japan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“His interest and research in various exceptional mental states, including religious and mystical experiences, psychic phenomena, hypnosis, and pathological states such as multiple personality, led him to conceive a psychology that could encompass psychopathology, psychical research, and religious psychology.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their efforts anticipate, and may have influenced, some of the indigenous forms of psychotherapy that emerged in the following decades.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is worth pointing out that the Buddhist nothingness was neither a literally unconscious state nor a split consciousness with refined mental activities as described by Janet and other Western scholars of hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This, of course, was not unique to Japan, since hypnosis was also a subject of interest for science, philosophy, and religion in the contemporary West,”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, although one was a traditional religious practice and the other a modern science and technique, sitting-Zen and hypnosis overlapped and sometimes competed with each other in many areas at the turn of the century.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, hypnosis was sometimes regarded as a lower or even pathological mental state, but at other times as a sublime, transcendental one.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The openness was particularly evident with respect to hypnosis, not only because of its mysterious phenomena but also because it, characterized by the cessation of normal conscious activity, could be suitably described as a state of nothingness, making it easy to link it with the Buddhist mystical experience.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As several scholars have pointed out, the interest in hypnosis stemmed from the social and cultural situation of Japan in the early twentieth century.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can find similarities between the nothingness of hypnosis described by Inoue and that of Zen. Both were seen as the true nature of the mind attained by eliminating distracting thoughts.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similarity (or difference) between the hypnotic and Buddhist nothingness also became the focal point in the forthcoming debate over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As regards Inoue, as a Buddhist philosopher and reformer, his interest in hypnosis could be understood within the broad context of his efforts to revitalize the Buddhist self in the modern era.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the 'nothingness' of hypnosis was understood sometimes in a descriptive and mechanical sense but at other times in the Buddhist sense.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large number of publications and their heterogeneous views reflected the intense interest in, and diverse understandings of, hypnosis in Japan in the early twentieth century.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They tried not only to explain transcendental nothingness by mechanical nothingness, but also to endow the latter with transcendental significance.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kuwabara provided a basic framework for the reijutsu which would soon emerge.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among them was Ono Fukuhei, a well-known hypnotist who claimed to be the first fulltime hypnotherapist in Japan.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the nothingness of hypnosis was endowed with religious and spiritual significance.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They explained the state of Zen by hypnosis, and vice versa.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, the nothingness of Zen was no longer purely subjective and intuitive but could be understood and explained by psychological laws, and could be reliably achieved by specific techniques.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fukurai was the first native-trained psychologist in Japan, having obtained his doctoral degree at Tokyo Imperial University in 1906.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison of hypnosis to Zen led to, and was strengthened by, this technical transformation.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A prominent figure among the few psychologists at the time, Fukurai was best-known, particularly outside the academic world, for his expertise in hypnosis, the topic of his doctoral research.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Fukurai's doctoral thesis was published in 1906, and was widely read and frequently quoted by contemporary authors on hypnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Murakami was a scholar in agricultural ethics and had worked at the prestigious Tokyo Imperial University and Tokyo Agricultural College.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim had significant implications for both Zen and hypnosis.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some of them had held different views at earlier times, or in different contexts, which testified to how fluid the boundary had been and still was.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sōyen appeared to be himself ignorant of the largely rational forms of hypnosis proposed by Fukurai and others, which, in fact, were more akin to bonpu Zen.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Sōyen wished to defend Buddhism against new religions founded on mystical hypnosis, as well as maintain the uniqueness of Zen practice.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A closer look at Sōyen's speech reveals that he, in effect, differentiated between three kinds of Zen, superstitious, secularized, and truly religious, with the first being the principal object of his criticism.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their enthusiasm about making this comparison might have been motivated, in part, by their desire to promote hypnosis.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For psychology, it had to address the difficult questions concerning the extraordinary nature of meditative introspection and intuitive experiences, which, unlike hypnosis, could not be easily reduced to pathological states.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing hypnosis to Zen could lift the status of hypnosis or, at least, make it less dubious.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as manifested by his positive view of bonpu Zen, Sōyen also felt the need for secularization, considering it an important task for beleaguered Buddhism in the modern era.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He thus narrowly defined hypnosis as a totally passive and dependent state of mind, thereby drawing an absolute distinction between it and Zen.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was in this context that he adopted the narrow view of hypnosis as a completely passive and dependent sleep-like mental state, which was instrumental in his rebuttal of those self-styled scientific religions.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As for Buddhism, it was threatened by competition from a variety of new religions claiming to be founded on science and psychology.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They differ from psychoanalysis in that while psychoanalysis places emphasis on objective observation and verbalization of inner experience and explores the mind through discursive analysis, they dismiss the importance of words and provide a way to directly experience and confirm the fundamental state of mind through intuitive introspection.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They shared a common epistemological and methodological framework for understanding mental life, and mutually shaped and reinforced each other's stance.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These psychotherapies share many common features with the Zen-hypnosis discussed in this article.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, hypnosis occupied a significant place in the history of dynamic psychiatry for being constructed as a controlled altered state of consciousness that provided a gateway into the unconscious world.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, starting from the Zen-hypnosis, we may write a Japanese history of dynamic psychiatry and psychology that is rather different from the Western ones.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It could be developed into a variety of exceptional mental states, among which the talkative state of free association was just one possibility.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The versatility and plasticity of hypnosis may have caused it to be disqualified by psychology as a legitimate object of scientific study.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as shown by the popularity of the Zen-hypnosis, reijutsu , and other indigenous forms of psychotherapy, this framework was far from being strongly dominant and secure, but needed to be continually defended, maintained, and adjusted.”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They, nonetheless, provide significant and valuable information on the deep psyche and its relations with the outside world.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we may say that it was natural that hypnosis was experienced in this way in Japan, where Buddhist concepts, such as nothingness and samadhi, had become part of everyday language and integral to people's self-understanding.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Buddhist concepts such as nothingness and samadhi had become part of everyday language and integral to people's self-understanding in Japan.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also other factors that might have contributed to the construction of this psychological state: the anxiety about modernity and cultural nationalism, to name the most obvious.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Buddhist concepts such as nothingness and samadhi had become part of everyday language and integral to people's self-understanding in Japan.
“where Buddhist concepts, such as nothingness and samadhi, had become part of everyday language and integral to people's self-understanding.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Shaku S ō yen's refutation · p. 19
“In 1895, for his psychological study of Zen, Motora went to Engakuji to practice sitting-Zen under the instruction of Sōyen.”
§ Empirical hypnosis versus transcendental Zen · p. 23
“As mentioned above, Motora once practiced Zen in 1894.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 'New' body techniques of hypnosis · p. 16
“For example, Kumashiro Hikotarō, another wellknown hypnotist of the time, posited that taking proper postures and doing deep abdominal breathing”
§ 'New' body techniques of hypnosis · p. 16
“Kumamoto accordingly invented a new induction method to replace the then-standard eye-fixation.”
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Euro-American Esoteric Readings of East Asia: Introductory Remarks
Pokorny, L. K., & Winter, F. (2023) · Numen · doi:10.1163/15685276-20231711 · Cited by 5
Junqueira, L. F. B. (2022) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.22236 · Cited by 3
Seeking double personality: Nakamura Kokyō's work in abnormal psychology in early 20th‐century Japan
Wu, Y. (2020) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.22045 · Cited by 3
Self-citationHypnotism and Suggestion: A Historical Perspective
Lamont, P. (2020) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.635 · Cited by 3
Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences 2019
Luzzini, F. (2019) · Isis · doi:10.1086/707594 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, Y.-C.
- Affiliations
- Academia Sinica (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Yu-chuan
- Venue
- History of Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-12-08
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 470-496
- ISSN
- 0073-2753 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-8564
- OpenAlex
- W2773914621
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- History of Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (104-2410-H-001-001-MY2)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- hypnosis, Zen Buddhism, nothingness, history of psychology, early 20th century Japan, intuitive experience, psychotherapy, experimental psychology
- MeSH terms
- Buddhism, Humans, Hypnosis, Japan, Psychology, Religion and Psychology, Meditation, Dissent and Disputes, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-21, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-21 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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