The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Conduct of In Vitro and In Vivo Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: A PhRMA Perspective
Abstract
Current regulatory guidances do not address specific study designs for in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies. There is a common desire by regulatory authorities and by industry sponsors to harmonize approaches to allow for a better assessment of the significance of findings across different studies and drugs. There is also a growing consensus for the standardization of cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers and for the development of classification systems to improve the communication of risk to health care providers and patients. While existing guidances cover mainly CYP-mediated drug interactions, the importance of other mechanisms, such as transporters, has been recognized more recently and should also be addressed. This paper was prepared by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Drug Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology Technical Working Groups and represents the current industry position. The intent is to define a minimal best practice for in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies targeted to development (not discovery support) and to define a data package that can be expected by regulatory agencies in compound registration dossiers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Wu, C.-Y., & Benet, L. Z. (2005) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-004-9004-4 · Cited by 1,401
Hewitt, N. J., Gómez Lechón, M. J., Houston, J. B., Hallifax, D., Brown, H. S., Maurel, P., Kenna, J. G., Gustavsson, L., Lohmann, C., Skonberg, C., et al. (2007) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602530601093489 · Cited by 735
Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development and Regulatory Science
Rowland, M., Peck, C., & Tucker, G. (2011) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100540 · Cited by 662
Morgan, R. E., van Staden, C. J., Chen, Y., Kalyanaraman, N., Kalanzi, J., Dunn, R. T., Afshari, C. A., & Hamadeh, H. K. (2013) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft176 · Cited by 243
Volak, L. P., Ghirmai, S., Cashman, J. R., & Court, M. H. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.108.020552 · Cited by 214
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjornsson, T. D., Callaghan, J. T., Einolf, H. J., Fischer, V., Gan, L., Grimm, S., Kao, J., King, S. P., Miwa, G., Ni, L., Kumar, G., McLeod, J., Obach, S. R., Roberts, S., Roe, A., Shah, A., Snikeris, F., Sullivan, J. T., Tweedie, D., Vega, J. M., Walsh, J., & Wrighton, S. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-05-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 443-469
- ISSN
- 0021-9754 (ISSN-L)
- 0000-0000
- 0091-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2165886950
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 14.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Conduct of In Vitro and In Vivo Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: A PhRMA Perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0091270003043005001
- The paper
- Bjornsson, T. D., Callaghan, J. T., Einolf, H. J., Fischer, V., Gan, L., Grimm, S., Kao, J., King, S. P., Miwa, G., Ni, L., Kumar, G., McLeod, J., Obach, S. R., Roberts, S., Roe, A., Shah, A., Snikeris, F., Sullivan, J. T., Tweedie, D., . . . Wrighton, S. A. (2003). The Conduct of In Vitro and In Vivo Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: A PhRMA Perspective. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003043005001
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.