Cited by 493News Media Framing and Political CommunicationMedia and Digital CommunicationMediatization and Communication for Social Change

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

THE ORIGINS OF INDIVIDUAL MEDIA-SYSTEM DEPENDENCY: A Sociological Framework

BALL-ROKEACH, S. J.·1985·Communication Research

DOI 10.1177/009365085012004003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Prior theory and research that has demonstrated the consequences of individuals' media-system dependencies upon selective exposure and message effects has not, however, addressed the equally important question of the determinants of individuals' media-system dependencies. The aim of this article is to present a sociological framework for the analysis of the macro and micro determinants of those media-system dependencies. The configuration of determinants that constitute this framework includes structural dependencies between the media and other social systems, characteristics of the social environs, media-system activity, interpersonal discourse networks, the sociostructural location of individuals, and personal goals.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/009365085012004003

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
Schroyer, T. (1974) · Telos · doi:10.3817/0374019162 · Cited by 2,798
The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society
Bell, D. (1976) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131727609336501 · Cited by 2,777
Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality.
Gitlin, T., & Tuchman, G. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065604 · Cited by 2,673
"The Whole World Is Watching": Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left
Levitt, C. H., & Gitlin, T. (1981) · Labour / Le Travail · doi:10.2307/25140130 · Cited by 2,629
The uses of mass communications : current perspectives on gratifications research
Katz, E., & Blumler, J. G. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,111
A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects
Ball-Rokeach, S., & Defleur, M. (1976) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365027600300101 · Cited by 1,412
Self-citation
Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy
Gandy, O. H. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 823
Theories of Mass Communication.
Enzer, H. A., & Fleur, M. L. D. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091765 · Cited by 736
Mass communication popular taste and organized social action.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Rk, M. (1948) · Cited by 644
Theories of Mass Communication.
Smith, D. D., & Fleur, M. L. D. (1967) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575212 · Cited by 618

Show all 37 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

BLUMLER, J. G., Television in Politics
CANTOR, M., Media, Culture, and Social Structure
GANS, H. J., Deciding What's News
HABERMAS, J., Legitimation Crisis
HADDEN, J. K., Prime-Time Preachers
LAZARSFELD, P. F., Mass Communications
MONTGOMERY, K. (1985) “The political struggle for prime time,” in S. J. Ball-Rokeach and M. G. Cantor (eds.) Media, Culture, and Social Structure. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
RILEY, J., Sociology Today
ROSENGREN, K. E., The Uses of Mass Communications, 269
SCHILLER, H., Mass Communication and American Empire
SHAW, D. L., The Emergence of American Political Issues
TURNER, R., American Sociological Association
WEBER, M., Economy and Society

Sorted by citations

Items 401–490 of 490

The Infl uence of Mobile Phone Advertising on Dependency: A Cross-Cultural Study of Mobile Phone Use between American and Chinese Youth
WEI, R. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203881286-27 · Cited by 1
Public Risk Perception of Covid Transmission and Support for Smart Growth Policies in Seattle Metro RegionPreprint
Grover, H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4122786 · Cited by 1
Risk and Crisis Communication Research in China
Ji, Y., & Wan, C. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394180844.ch27 · Cited by 1
From TikTok to RedNote: Platform Migration as Resistance in Geopolitical TensionsPreprint
Liang, S., Luo, J., & Chae, J. H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5793802 · Cited by 1
Towards Dependency-based Alignment for Collaborative Businesses.
Zarvić, N., Michael Fellmann, M. A., & Thomas, O. (2010) · EMISA FORUM · Cited by 1
General interest magazine language preference among Hispanics
Galvez, R. A. (2004) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Inmigración e imágenes mediáticas: análisis cualitativo de la autopercepción de los inmigrantes;Immigration and Media Images: Qualitative Analysis of Immigrants? Self-perception
Álvarez‐Gálvez, J. (2010) · Mediaciones Sociales
Social representations, social networks, and public relations effects: the consequences of exposure to sided media content in different interpersonal settings.
Lee, H. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
What Influences Online STDs and HIV/AIDS Information Seeking among Young People? Learning a Lesson from American Studies
Lu, H. (2005) · 資訊社會研究 · doi:10.29843/jccis.200507.0012
U.S. Press Representation of the Southern Sudanese Civil War, 1983-2005
Zerai, A. (2010) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
The Role of Individual-Media Relationship and Consumer Personal Factors on Spanish Teenagers' Mobile Social Networking Sites Usage
Mafé, C. R., Blas, S. S., & Parreño, J. M. (2014) · International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications · doi:10.4018/ijesma.2014070102
The impact of content shift on the cultivation effect
Hetsroni, A. (2010)
Análisis del usuario de las redes sociales a través del móvil: implicaciones publicitarias
Mafé, C. R., & Blas, S. S. (2011)
A content analysis of the media agenda setting in the Saudi national TV newscasts
Sabir, F. A. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Tweeting Tsunami: Early Warning Networks in British Columbia
Oldring, A. (2015) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane's experiment in press freedom: A quantitative evaluation through media system dependency
Pritchard, A. D. (2016) · Historical Methods A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.1080/01615440.2015.1094384
Market Panics and the Limits of National Power and Authority: An Argumentative Analysis of the 2011 Italian Debt Crisis
Alberti, L., & Hollihan, T. A. (2014)
Two Tickets for Paradise
Shelton, A. K. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-041-5.ch006
How Government Surveillance Modifies Social Network Service Use in South Korea
Kim, T. (2016) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.11144.83202
Analysis of key drivers in teleshopping
Mafé, C. R., Blas, S. S., Mafé, R., & Blas, S. S. (2007)
The Impact of Pamoja Fm’s Tuamke Pamoja Program in the Promotion of Economic Empowerment in Kibera Slums: the Case of Soweto East Village
Owiti, O. W. (2016) · University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi)
Post Political Content among Youth in Facebook
Rani, N. S. A., Ismail, A., & Ishak, M. S. (2017) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)
Changing face: the evolution of Chinese women's dress and appearance
Wang, X. (2005) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.3755
Mobile Technologies Support Effective Learning
Reychav, I., & Wu, D. (2014) · Advances in information quality and management · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch563
Mining the communicative flow: Communication and social learning in the reclamation of the ‘Vista Coal Mine’ project in Alberta, Canada
Copp, C. J. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3rb6w95m
Community Media Narrowcasting In Uganda: An Assessment of Community Audio Towers
Semujju, B. (2016)
Semiosis acumulativa del Caso Nisman en medios argentinos
Aniceto, P. D. (2017) · deSignis · doi:10.35659/designis.i26p161-172
The Chinese students’ usage of APP installed at the smart phone, and their Chinese and Korean socialization
Moon, S., Woo, B., & Zhuo, X. (2018) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2018.62.6.007
A Lot of Admiration and a Little Bit of Worship: Parasocial Relationships and Young Women
Mostaghimi, R. (2019) · doi:10.15760/honors.788
Navigating the Michelle P. Waiver
Darnell, W. H. (2019) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2019.245
The Station “Scientist”: Examining the Impact of Race, Sex, and Education of Broadcast Meteorologists on Credibility, Trust, and Information Retention
Rainear, A. M. (2019) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Toward an understanding of video on demand use and dependency in South Africa
Rametse, M. L. (2018)
Exploring the Effects of Social Value on Social Network Dependence
Za, S., Ceci, F., Masciarelli, F., & Iaia, L. (2020) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47539-0_9 · Cited by 1
What Foster People to Purchase Further Smart Devices? A Research Proposal
Za, S., Lazazzara, A., Pallud, J., & Agostini, D. (2020) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47539-0_14
Online newspapers and reader gratification: modeling the effects of interactive features, content and credibility among Zambian readers.
Mbozi, P. (2020) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
The role of exposure to communication channels, institutional trust and moral norm in predicting PM2.5 risk-reduction intention in China: A study of the theory of planned behavior.
Lin, T. (2020) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)
Physical Distancing and Social Media Use in Emerging and Older Adults During COVID-19: Large Scale Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Survey Study (Preprint)Preprint
van Woudenberg, T. J., Buijzen, M., Hendrikx, R. J. P., van Weert, J. C. M., van den Putte, B., Kroese, F. M., Bouman, M. P. A., de Bruin, M., & Lambooij, M. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.33713
Media Dependency
Jung, J.-Y. (2011) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0056
M
Donsbach, W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118789353.ch13
A Panel Study on the Effects of Social Media Use and Internet Connectedness on Academic Performance and Social Support
Leung, L. W. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2584-4.ch039
Semiosis acumulativa del Caso Nisman en medios argentinos
Aniceto, P. D. (2017) · deSignis · doi:10.35659/designis.i26p163-175
Mapping public relations scholarship in Asia: a longitudinal analysis of published research, 1995–2014
Xu, J., & Huang, G. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315108254-5
The Communication Technology Ecosystem
Grant, A. E. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780367817398-2
The Umbrella Perspective on Communication Technology,
Grant, A. E. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780080470320-5
The Role of Jordanian Electronic Newspapers in Educating the Jordanian Public about Security Issues
Haddad, I. T. (2023) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v11i3.5983
The impact of communication anxiety regulation and fear of missing out on social media dependency: a study on transgender individuals in Turkey
Gorgulu, V. (2022) · Health & New Media Research · doi:10.22720/hnmr.2022.6.2.248
Can a Spiral Be a Bridge?
Weimann, G. (1997) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/bf03653937
An Analysis of the Four Case Studies
den Heyer, G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43250-7_8
A Study on the Effect of Media Dependency on Coronavirus Coverage on Risk Perception and Medical Indemnity Insurance Purchase Intentions - Focusing on MZ Generation -
Lee, Y. S. (2023) · Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange · doi:10.47116/apjcri.2023.11.20
Egyptians’ dependency on Medication Pamphlets as a Source of Health Information and its Impact on their Health awareness and Behavior:
Mustafa, A. R. A. (2023) · المجلة العلمية لبحوث العلاقات العامة و الإعلان · doi:10.21608/sjocs.2023.337095
Information Quality, Social Friendship and Social Interaction in Predicting Web Usage and Online News Readers’ Understanding
Yusdiana, Y., Purwanto, B. M., & Nugroho, S. S. (2023) · JBTI Jurnal Bisnis Teori dan Implementasi · doi:10.18196/jbti.v14i3.19181
Kim, Y.-C. (2023). The Post-Mass Media: From Relevance Crisis to Super-Crisis. Culturelook.
Jung, J.-Y. (2024) · Asian Communication Research · doi:10.20879/acr.2024.21.003
Motivational and Emotional Factors Relating to Smartphone Dependence in the Silver-Haired Group from the Perspective of Digital Well-Being
钟, 智., 纪, 晓., & 黄, 佰. (2023) · Global Journal of Media Studies · doi:10.26599/gjms.2023.9330063
BUILDING BRIDGES THROUGH PLAY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO MONOPOLY GO! AS CATALYST FOR YOUTH SOCIAL INTERACTION
Jaya, J., Low, A. N., Vasudevan, A., & Hashim, H. (2024) · International Journal of Application on Economics and Business · doi:10.24912/ijaeb.v2i2.3801-3809
Finding Stable Social Forms on the Internet: How Smartphone Dependencies Shape Internet Use and OutcomesPreprint
Grošelj, D., & Blank, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875458
Crises Determine Preference and Media Credibility
Numan, H. H. (2024) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3767-7.ch003
The Reach and Community Perspective of BT Radio Programs as Supplemental Teaching and Learning Platforms
Mangubat Jr, F. N., Bajao, N. A., Sarucam, J.-A. V., Gabuya Jr., A. Q., & Mangubat, F. M. (2024) · ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement · doi:10.7454/ajce.v8i1.1223
دور وسائل الاتصال الحديثة في تعزيز حقوق الإنسان في الأردن
Hadeed, A. Y. B. A., Shatnawi, G. A., Al-Zoubi, A. F., Tahat, Z. Y., & Olaimat, F. A. (2024) · Dirasat Human and Social Sciences · doi:10.35516/hum.v51i5.3422
Rethinking Organisational Communication in the Digital and Unprecedented Crises Era
Seadira, B. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70656-1_6
From ink to influence: analyzing the impact of media translations in late Qing China through media system dependency theory
Qi, J.-X. (2024) · Perspectives · doi:10.1080/0907676x.2024.2427687
Can Digital Advertising Content Trigger User Preference Toward Social Media Platforms? The Mediating Roles of Perceived Functional and Emotional Values
Nguyen, C. T. M., Nguyen, L. T. V., Nguyen, M., Mai, A. N. T., Dang-Pham, D., & Huynh, T. P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9835-3_5
Ten News Values for Climate Communication: From ‘Crisisation’ to Attribution, Emotional Offsets, Pragmatic Instructions and Punchy Storytelling
Denisova, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67340-5_2
A Review of Research on Social Media Dependence
沈, 姝. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.153163
Effects of motivations for news consumption on intention to purchase paid news service in the changing news media environment
Park, N., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2025.2509526
How perceiving oneself as an altruistic person can motivate one to spread misinformation on social media
Nielsen, R. K., & Wold, T. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2518443
Coping with the Empty Nest: The Role of Loneliness, Distress, and Emotion Dysregulation in Problematic Series Watching Among Parents of Immigrant OffspringPreprint
Dahiya, R., KUMAR, R., Anand, N., & Sharma, M. K. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6692946/v1
استخدام الشباب الجامعي الأردني لمنصات التواصل الاجتماعي وعلاقته بالمشاركة الحزبية لديهم
Tahat, O. M. (2025) · Dirasat Human and Social Sciences · doi:10.35516/hum.2025.8521
Shouts and Whispers: The Gamson Hypothesis, Media Reliance, and Belief in 2020 Election Conspiracy Theories
Johnson, T. J., Kaye, B. K., & Park, C. S. (2025) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990251360688
MEDIA DEPENDENCY BEHAVIOUR DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KARNATAKA
Rajeshwari, R. (2025) · ShodhVichar Journal of Media and Mass Communication · doi:10.29121/shodhvichar.v1.i2.2025.43
Research on the Innovation of the Three Element Mechanism of Agricultural Product Brands
官, 文. (2025) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2025.14111019
Organizational Accessibility and Community Connections: Examining Changes in the Spatial Proximity of Pubic Housing Residents to Social Service Providers and Providers' Responses to Redevelopment
Stringer, K. A. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1061314
Instagrammers’ Attributes and Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Consumer Perceptions
Moniz, A. I. D. D. S. A., Ponte, R., & Silva, O. D. L. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5396-6_37 · Cited by 1
Emotional dependency: aging migrants’ interaction with online mini-dramas
Cui, X., & Lin, Y. (2025) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2025.2586200
Beyond addiction: how social media dependence triggers frontline sales deviance in China’s property market
Gao, M.-S., Samuel, R., ISMAIL, I., Li, C.-Y., & Li, W. (2026) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2025.2605108
Combating anti-transgender misinformation: A sociological approach
Billard, T. J., & Brewer, W. W. (2026) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2025.2573946
When AIGC Becomes a Work Partner: Emotional and Technical Dependence and Work BehaviorPreprint
Zhang, Y., Liang, J., Xu, J., & Yin, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6403040
Mise en réseau des intérêts : une approche épistémologique de la communication interconfessionnelle en Roumanie
Burrill, D. (2019) · doi:10.70675/b1c18891z3555z4a27zb4e8zb262a5517eee
The impact of media use on security perceptions: Insights from focus groups of Latvian and Estonian border residents
Sprudzane, S., Tisler-Lavrentjev, A., & Kõuts-Klemm, R. (2026) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/18233
Social media use facilitating family caregivers’ positive aspects of caregiving: a perspective of media system dependency
Ke, X., & LOU, V. W. Q. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07525-4
Algorithmic fate and affective practice: Understanding digital spirituality through AI fortune-telling among Chinese youth
Luo, X., & Shan, S. (2026) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565261459269
Desastres y el uso de medios de comunicación en la comunidad: cómo el huracán María impactó a puertorriqueños vulnerables
Chávez, M., Takahashi, B., Velazquez, L. G., & Benitez, A. (2026) · Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente · doi:10.5380/dma.v67i.98704
Pervasive Ambiguity About Gender: Quantifying the Cognitive and Affect Experience of Disorientation Related to Changing Understandings of Gender in Society
Billard, T. J., Brewer, W. W., & Jenkins, N. (2026) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-026-01678-7
Channel-Differentiated Reception and Industrial Implications of Short-Form Drama: Involuntary Immersion and Perceived Cost Fairness
Jung, H.-Y. (2026) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2026.27.7.1871
The relationship between internet perceived dependence and societal anxiety among Chinese residents: a study based on latent class analysis
Liu, B., Yang, J., Mao, J., & Peng, K. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09885-x
Navigating the Digital Leisure Landscape: The Relationship between Online Gaming, Short Video Consumption, and Marital Satisfaction
Feng, Y. (2026) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2026.2728137
Toward an integrated framework of media dependency: a theoretical review of uses–dependency and new media dependency models
Almakaty, S. S., Alquaary, M. A., & Fayez, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1848139
What is the relationship between short video applications and adolescents' critical thinking disposition? The mediating role of media dependency
Rexiati, M. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2736475
Reimagining Belonging on rednote: Cross-Cultural Social Media Migration and Media Dependency
Nan, Y., Chen, H., & Perpich, E. (2026) · Global Media and China · doi:10.1177/20594364261491993
Sure of themselves, not yet beholden: Motivation, trust, and generative AI reliance in higher education
Du, Y., Zeng, Y., Guo, C., Zhou, H., & Xiong, J. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107880
Digital exposure and youth political values in Mongolia
Amgalangiin, N. (2026) · Восточный вектор история общество государство · doi:10.18101/2949-1657-2026-2-11-20

Authors: BALL-ROKEACH, S. J.
Affiliations: Washington State University
Venue: Communication Research
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1985-10
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 485-510
ISSN: 0093-6502 (ISSN-L)
1552-3810
DOI: 10.1177/009365085012004003
OpenAlex: W2113675788
Cited by: 493
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 11.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Communication Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
Social Sciences › Communication › Mediatization and Communication for Social Change
Keywords: selective exposure, message effects, sociological framework, personal goals, social environment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

THE ORIGINS OF INDIVIDUAL MEDIA-SYSTEM DEPENDENCY: A Sociological Framework

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks