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Cited by 18Crime Patterns and InterventionsCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

The Relationship Between Risk, Criminogenic Need, and Recidivism for Indigenous Justice-Involved Youth

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Lockwood, Ilana, Peterson-Badali, Michele, Schmidt, Fred·2018·Criminal Justice and Behavior
DOI 10.1177/0093854818785404
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Abstract

The risk–need–responsivity framework is widely used to guide the case management of justice-involved youth, but little research is available on its applicability to Indigenous populations. In the present study, we examined how standardized risk assessment, identification of criminogenic needs, and receipt of need-targeted programming related to recidivism in a sample of 70 Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth. The two groups did not differ on overall level of risk, number of needs, match to services, or recidivism rates. However, Indigenous youth were evaluated as higher risk in peer and leisure functioning, more likely to have needs related to education and leisure, and less likely to receive adequate peer-specific intervention. In both groups, risk assessment predicted recidivism, while match to services predicted days to reoffense. High rates of mental health issues and associated services were observed in both groups. Implications of these findings for research and practice with Indigenous youth are discussed.

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  • The consensus is that assessment tools do not accurately reflect Indigenous offenders' risk/need levels and treatment needs.

    “The consensus is that assessment tools do not accurately reflect their risk/need levels and treatment needs (Hyde et al., 2016; Lockwood et al., 2018; Wiley et al., 2020).”

    From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Lockwood et al., 2018

    The introductory passage says risk instruments may not fully reflect Indigenous youths’ risk profiles and treatment needs. But the paper does not establish a consensus that assessment tools are inaccurate: its Potential Predictors of Recidivism section reports that the YLS/CMI predicted recidivism for Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth at comparable rates. The claim turns a qualified concern into a categorical conclusion and extends it from youth to offenders generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • As a result of these struggles, Indigenous youth are more likely to show greater risk/needs factors upon assessment.

    “As a result, they are more likely to show greater risk/needs factors upon assessment (Hyde et al., 2016; Lockwood et al., 2018; Wiley et al., 2020).”

    From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Lockwood et al., 2018

    In “Comparing (and Disentangling) Risk, Criminogenic Need, and Responsivity,” Indigenous youth scored higher in specific risk domains and were more likely to have identified needs in Education/Employment and Leisure/Recreation. The same section says the groups did not significantly differ in overall risk to reoffend, so the citation does not support a general claim of greater assessed risk. It discusses links to social and structural struggles as possible explanations rather than establishing causation. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Indigenous Peoples globally experience acute criminal justice inequities.

    “Indigenous Peoples globally experience acute criminal justice inequities (Lockwood et al., 2018;Nielsen & Robyn, 2003;Office of the Correctional Investigator, 2012).”

    From "Healing on Both Sides": Strengthening the Effectiveness of Prison–Indigenous Community Partnerships Through Reciprocity and Investment (2020) · cites this paper as Lockwood et al., 2018

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lockwood, I., Peterson-Badali, M., & Schmidt, F.
Affiliations
  • Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre (CA)
  • University of Toronto
ORCID
Schmidt, Fred
Venue
Criminal Justice and Behavior
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2018-07-25
Volume
45
Issue
11
Pages
1688-1708
ISSN
  • 0093-8548 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-3594
DOI
10.1177/0093854818785404
OpenAlex
W2884411099
Cited by
18
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
FWCI
5.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Criminal Justice and Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Aboriginal Justice Directorate, Department of Justice Canada
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords
Indigenous youth, recidivism, criminogenic needs, risk assessment, peer functioning, mental health services, justice-involved youth, indigenous justice systems

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