The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Challenge of Changing Audiences: Or, What is the Audience Researcher to Do in the Age of the Internet?
Open accessAbstract
Mediated communication is no longer simply or even mainly mass communication (‘from one to many’) but rather the media now facilitate communication among peers (both ‘one to one’ and ‘many to many’). Does this mean that the concept of the audience is obsolete? Or does the growing talk of ‘users’, instead of audiences, fall into the hyperbolic discourse of ‘the new’, neglecting historical continuities and reinventing the wheel of media and communications research? Undoubtedly, the challenge of a moving target, and hence a changing subject matter, faces us all. This article explores the ways in which, although the argument for the active television audience may have been taken as far as possible, new interactive technologies put ordinary people’s interpretative activities at the very centre of media design and use. Hence, it considers how far existing theories and methods for researching audiences can be extended to new media and how far some significant rethinking is required.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, audience activity cannot be questioned since it is now exposed [34] through web analytics.”
From Digital Storytelling in Cultural Heritage: Audience Engagement in the Interactive Documentary New Life (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hine, C. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020277 · Cited by 2,436
Silverstone, R. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203358948 · Cited by 1,213
Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading
Coltheart, M. (1987) · Cited by 1,195
The Role of the Reader. Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts
White, J. J., & Eco, U. (1981) · The Modern Language Review · doi:10.2307/3727019 · Cited by 941
Snyder, I. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203201220 · Cited by 421
Making Sense of Television: The Psychology of Audience Interpretation
Livingstone, S. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 331
Reception study: Ethnography and the problems of dispersed audiences and nomadic subjects
Radway, J. A. (1988) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502388800490231 · Cited by 325
Historical Trends in Research on Children and the Media: 1900–1960
Wartella, E. A., & Reeves, B. B. (1985) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02238.x · Cited by 192
The making of American audiences: from stage to television, 1750-1990
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-1378 · Cited by 183
The Changing Nature of Audiences: From the Mass Audience to the Interactive Media User
Livingstone, S. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470999066.ch17 · Cited by 174
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 349
Methods for datafication, datafication of methods: Introduction to the Special Issue
Lomborg, S., Dencik, L., & Moe, H. (2020) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323120922045 · Cited by 17
Wood, H. (2007) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367549407081956 · Cited by 14
Ciudadanía política en la red. Análisis de las prácticas políticas entre jóvenes universitarios
de la Torre, M. R. P. (2015) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v0i21.572 · Cited by 14
Cultural Stratification on the Internet: Five Clusters of Values and Beliefs among Users in Britain
Dutton, W. H., & Blank, G. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2050-206020150000010001 · Cited by 14
Facebook Escapism and Online Political Participation
Hoffmann, C. P., Lutz, C., Müller, S., & Meckel, M. (2017) · International Conference on Social Media and Society (SMSociety) · doi:10.1145/3097286.3097327 · Cited by 14
From visual pleasure to global imagination: Chinese youth’s reception of Hollywood films
Su, W. W. (2021) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2021.1970202 · Cited by 13
Pope, J. (2017) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/1354856517726603 · Cited by 13
The returning of Hallyu in China: transnational reception of the Korean drama My Love from the Star
Shao, L. (2019) · Media International Australia · doi:10.1177/1329878x19882530 · Cited by 13
Kortti, J., & Mähönen, T. A. (2009) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323108098946 · Cited by 14
YouTube y el nuevo rumbo de la prensa española
Monzoncillo, J. M. Á., Díaz-Lucena, A., & de la Torre, V. M. (2022) · Revista Latina de Comunicación Social · doi:10.4185/rlcs-2022-1549 · Cited by 12
Digital Communication: A Proposal for Analysis Based on Complex Thought
Sabana, U. D. L., & Arango-Forero, G. (2013) · Palabra Clave · doi:10.5294/pacla.2013.16.3.1 · Cited by 12
Media territories and urban conflict
Tosoni, S., & Tarantino, M. (2013) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/1748048513491914 · Cited by 12
Caldwell, J. T. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-012 · Cited by 12
Vertoont, S. (2017) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460717699782 · Cited by 12
SOSYAL MEDYADA ÖRDEK SENDROMU: İNSTAGRAM ÜZERİNDEN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Atar, Ö. G., & ULUSOY, Ş. G. (2020) · İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.46928/iticusbe.762651 · Cited by 12
Fürst, S., Schönhagen, P., & Bosshart, S. (2015) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2015.1091621 · Cited by 12
El estudio de las prácticas políticas de los jóvenes en Internet
de la Torre, M. R. P., & Flores-Márquez, D. (2015) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v0i15.1141 · Cited by 11
Television’s Aesthetic of Efficiency
Dawson, M. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-009 · Cited by 11
Youthful participation: what have we learned, what shall we ask next?
Livingstone, S. (2010) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 11
Educación y cibercultura en clave subjetiva: retos para re(pensar) la escuela hoy
Ortiz, R. R. (2012) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 11
Exciting moments in audience research – past, present and future
Livingstone, S. (2012) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 11
Nollywood on the Internet: A preliminary analysis of an online Nigerian video-film audience
Obiaya, I. (2010) · Journal of African Media Studies · doi:10.1386/jams.2.3.321_1 · Cited by 11
Power to the People? The myth of television consumer sovereignty revisited
Pauwels, C., & Bauwens, J. R. (2007) · International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics · doi:10.1386/macp.3.2.149_1 · Cited by 10
Communicative Informatics: An Active and Creative Audience Framework of Social Media
Gallant, L. M., & Boone, G. M. (2011) · tripleC Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society · doi:10.31269/triplec.v9i2.253 · Cited by 10
Castro, D. (2017) · Palabra Clave · doi:10.5294/pacla.2018.21.1.5 · Cited by 10
Online Reception Analysis: Big Data in Qualitative Marketing Research
Knudsen, G. H., & Kjeldgaard, D. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0885-211120140000016011 · Cited by 10
La recepción televisiva española en la era multipantalla
Lacalle, C., & Gόmez, B. (2017) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v0i30.6135 · Cited by 12
Sanseverino, G. G., & de‐Lima‐Santos, M. (2021) · Brazilian Journalism Research · doi:10.25200/bjr.v17n2.2021.1369 · Cited by 10
Meaning at the Interface: New Genres, New Modes of Interpretative Engagement?
Das, R. (2010) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421003795535 · Cited by 9
Toward a theory of smart media usage: The moderating role of smart media market development
Gao, B., & Huang, L. (2021) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2021357 · Cited by 9
O jornalismo e os novos meios de comunicação social
Deuze, M. (2006) · Comunicação e Sociedade · doi:10.17231/comsoc.9(2006).1152 · Cited by 9
Journalism in the Twenty-First Century
Canavilhas, J. (2018) · Advances in multimedia and interactive technologies book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3781-6.ch001 · Cited by 9
Theorizing the Addressive Audience in Children’s Digital Video Production
Pandya, J. Z., & Low, D. E. (2019) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088319880509 · Cited by 9
Youth Culture and EFL Students’ Development of Integrative Motivation
Khorsheed, R. (2021) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1104.07 · Cited by 9
Brooker, S. (2019) · ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT) · doi:10.1145/3342220.3343649 · Cited by 9
Du bonheur de la psychologie sociale
Jouët, J. (2005) · Questions de communication · doi:10.4000/questionsdecommunication.3931 · Cited by 9
Improving user experience with unique channel list on hybrid set-top boxes
Šoškić, N., Vranić, N., & Lukić, N. (2015) · IEEE International Workshop on Consumer Electronics (CE WS) · doi:10.1109/cews.2015.7867152 · Cited by 8
Das, R., & Ytre-Arne, B. (2017) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323117737954 · Cited by 8
In the Interest of Audiences: An Agenda
Ytre-Arne, B., & Das, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75638-7_14 · Cited by 8
Carpini, M. X. D. (2013) · International journal of communication · Cited by 8
Formatos da publicidade digital: sistematização e desambiguação
Sebastião, S. P. (2011) · Comunicação e Sociedade · doi:10.17231/comsoc.19(2011).894 · Cited by 8
Ruddock, A. (2006) · Social Semiotics · doi:10.1080/10350330600664847 · Cited by 8
The SAGE Handbook of Television Studies
Alvarado, M., Buonanno, M., Gray, H., & Miller, T. (2015) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473910423 · Cited by 8
Is social isolation a public health issue? A media analysis in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Breheny, M., & Severinsen, C. A. (2017) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2017.1400162 · Cited by 8
Online Videos at Newspaper Websites: A Literature Review
Hallgren, N., & Nylund, M. (2017) · The Journal of Media Innovations · doi:10.5617/jomi.v4i2.2339 · Cited by 8
He, J. (2021) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443721994433 · Cited by 8
Second screen user experience: A new digital television frontier
Šoškić, N., Kuzmanović, N., Vidaković, M., & Miljkovic, G. S. (2014) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.1109/mipro.2014.6859725 · Cited by 7
Digital Culture, Media Education and the Place of Schooling
Buckingham, D. (2008) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90519-8_10 · Cited by 11
Multiplatforming Public Service
Strange, N. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-006 · Cited by 7
Alačovska, A. (2016) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443716663642 · Cited by 7
A Field in Flux: The Intriguing Past and the Promising Future of Audience Analysis
Das, R. (2018) · Television & New Media · doi:10.1177/1527476418814592 · Cited by 7
Steemers, J. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-007 · Cited by 7
Architectures of Participation
Bennett, J. B. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-014 · Cited by 7
Navarro-Conticello, J. (2024) · ESTUDIOS FRONTERIZOS · doi:10.21670/ref.2414150 · Cited by 6
Malay women readings of Korean drama
Ruslan, N., & Latif, S. A. (2016) · Cited by 6
Castro, D. (2022) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13675494221112967 · Cited by 7
Coordination entre production et réception :
Ross, P. (2013) · Tic & société · doi:10.4000/ticetsociete.1282 · Cited by 6
Publics et usagers, convergences et articulations
Patriarche, G. (2008) · Réseaux · doi:10.3166/réseaux.147.179-216 · Cited by 6
The Media Audience: A Brief Biography—Stages of Growth or Paradigm Change?
McQuail, D. (2013) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421.2013.757170 · Cited by 6
Challenging Theories: Conceptual Learning in the Media Studies Classroom
Partington, A., & Buckingham, D. (2011) · International Journal of Learning and Media · doi:10.1162/ijlm_a_00079 · Cited by 6
Second Screen Engagement of Event Spectators
Cerny, T., & Donahoo, M. J. (2018) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2018/3845123 · Cited by 6
Ngomba, T. (2011) · Ecquid Novi African Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/02560054.2011.545560 · Cited by 6
Elderly’s Barriers and Requirements for Interactive TV
Baunstrup, M., & Larsen, L. B. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39191-0_2 · Cited by 6
Thomas, J. (2011) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822393658-003 · Cited by 6
The Olympic Movement’s New Media Revolution: Monetisation, Open Media and Intellectual Property
Miah, A., & Jones, J. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230367463_18 · Cited by 6
Code-switching and identity on the blogs: an analysis of Taglish in computer mediated communication
Smedley, F. (2006) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 6
Hilton, J. T., & Canciello, J. (2013) · International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence · doi:10.4018/ijdldc.2013100101 · Cited by 5
Albarello, F. J. (2020) · Palabra Clave · doi:10.5294/pacla.2020.23.3.1 · Cited by 5
Digitala distinktioner : klass och kontinuitet i unga mäns vardagliga mediepraktiker
Danielsson, M. (2014) · Cited by 5
The Participatory Sensing Platform Driven by UGC for the Evaluation of Living Quality in the City
Shen, Y. T., Shiu, Y. S., Liu, W. K., & Lu, P. W. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58524-6_41 · Cited by 5
TÜRKİYE’DE BLU TV DENEYİMİNİ EKONOMİK VE SEMBOLİK SERMAYE BAĞLAMINDA OKUMAK
Dikkol, S. (2020) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi · doi:10.19145/e-gifder.671271 · Cited by 5
Fragmentation and Audience Activity on Video-on-Demand Platform: Netflix and the ‘Binge-watching’
Reisa, S., & Irwansyah, I. (2021) · Jurnal InterAct · doi:10.25170/interact.v9i2.2235 · Cited by 9
The Playful Audience: Professional Wrestling, Media Fandom, and the Omnipresence of Media Smarks
Toepfer, S. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/2372643 · Cited by 5
Focus Group Studies of Social Media Rhetoric
Vatnøy, E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61618-6_5 · Cited by 5
Imagining AI futures in mainstream cinema: socio-technical narratives and social imaginaries
Alonso, D. (2026) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-02880-7 · Cited by 4
Children Reading an Online Genre: Heterogeneity in Interpretive Work
Das, R. (2012) · Popular Communication · doi:10.1080/15405702.2012.715328 · Cited by 4
Los estudios de audiencia en la formación de los graduados en Comunicación Audiovisual en España
González-Neira, A., & Quintas‐Froufe, N. (2020) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación · doi:10.24137/raeic.7.13.4 · Cited by 4
La reapropiación del insulto como resistencia queer en el universo digital: el caso Gaysper
Bonfill, A. Z., Giménez, Y. T., & Gálvez, A. A. C. (2021) · Investigaciones Feministas · doi:10.5209/infe.69684 · Cited by 7
Youth, social networks and identity: A cross-border study from the Basque Country
Bidegain, E., Sagasta, A. A., Bizkarguenaga, K. D., Espilla, A. Z., Antón, E., & Rozas, I. (2023) · Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies · doi:10.1386/cjcs_00080_1 · Cited by 4
Predictors of Localism in Public Television Scheduling in the United States
Smallwood, A. M. K., & Moon, S. (2011) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.546256 · Cited by 2
de Lopes, M. I. V. (2012) · Anàlisi · doi:10.7238/a.v0im.1505 · Cited by 4
Adoption versus use diffusion of iDTV in flanders
Berte, K., Schuurman, D., & Marez, L. D. (2010) · European Conference on Interactive TV and Video (EuroITV) · doi:10.1145/1809777.1809781 · Cited by 4
Challenging Concepts: Learning in the Media Classroom
Buckingham, D. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137300218_3 · Cited by 4
Introduction. L’actualité politique : appropriation, mise en discussion et formes d’engagement
Jouët, J., & Rieffel, R. (2013) · Presses universitaires de Rennes eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pur.71690 · Cited by 4
Oh, S.-K. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/m26w3m · Cited by 4
Facebook and Communicative Action: The Power of Social Media During the 2011 Egyptian Revolution
Bowerbank, J. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-2971 · Cited by 4
New media uses and dependency effect model
Cho, Y. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3gb249b · Cited by 4
Sharma, E., & Nigam, N. (2025) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-025-00327-w · Cited by 10
Ganz, M., & Kalz, M. (2026) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100828 · Cited by 3
Formen mediatisierter Medienrezeption
Göttlich, U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-41172-5_10 · Cited by 3
Social TV EPG Interaction Design for Multi-screen Environment
You, F., Wang, J., Cao, H., Xie, T., & Tang, Z.-L. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/greencom-ithings-cpscom.2013.136 · Cited by 3
Formas específicas de produção cultural dos fãs brasileiros da série britânica Doctor Who
de Auxilio, T., Martino, L. M. S., & Marques, Â. C. S. (2013) · C-Legenda - Revista do Programa de Pós-graduação em Cinema e Audiovisual · doi:10.22409/c-legenda.v0i28.26281 · Cited by 3
Reformulando el concepto de actividad de la audiencia en la era digital
de Sevilla, U., & Rivas-de-Roca, R. (2019) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación · doi:10.24137/raeic.6.12.12 · Cited by 3
Future directions for research on radio audiences
O’Sullivan, S., & LEWIS, P. (2006) · Recherches en Communication · doi:10.14428/rec.v26i26.45133 · Cited by 3
A Marginal Resource for Civic Identity: The Internet in Swedish Working Class Households
Olsson, T. (2006) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2006.11008908 · Cited by 3
Multiplatforming public service: The BBC's 'bundled project'
Strange, N. (2011) · Figshare · Cited by 3
eReading Services, Business Models and Concepts in Media Industry
Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, Leminen, S., & Salo, J. (2011) · Cited by 3
Survey on Second Screen Systems
Černý, T., & Donahoo, M. J. (2016) · International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS) · doi:10.1109/icitcs.2016.7740374 · Cited by 3
Girginova, K. (2017) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2017.1288143 · Cited by 3
Mathieu, D. (2016) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305116683206 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Livingstone, S.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Livingstone, Sonia
- ORCID
- Livingstone, Sonia
- Venue
- European Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-86
- ISSN
- 0267-3231 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-3705
- OpenAlex
- W2021652796
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 10.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Mediatization and Communication for Social Change
- Keywords
- audience research, new media, interactive technologies, peer-to-peer communication, audience theory, media design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review