Cited by 182Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesTendon Structure and TreatmentLower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies

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In Vivo Elongation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cruciate Ligament during Knee Flexion

Li, Guoan, DeFrate, Louis E., Sun, Hao, Gill, Thomas J.·2004·The American Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1177/0363546503262175

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Abstract

Background: Most knowledge regarding cruciate ligament function is based on in vitro experiments. Purpose: To investigate the in vivo elongation of the functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing flexion. Hypothesis: The biomechanical role of functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament under in vivo loading is different from that measured in cadavers. Study Design: In vivo biomechanical study. Methods: Elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament was measured during a quasi-static lunge using imaging and 3-dimensional computer-modeling techniques. Results: The anterior-medial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament had a relatively constant length from full extension to 90° of flexion. The posterior-lateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament decreased in length with flexion. Both bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament had increased lengths with flexion. Conclusion: The data did not demonstrate the reciprocal function of the 2 bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament or the posterior cruciate ligament with flexion observed in previous studies. Instead, the data suggest that there is a reciprocal function between the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament with flexion. The anterior cruciate ligament plays a more important role in low-flexion angles, whereas the posterior cruciate ligament plays a more important role in high flexion. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the biomechanical role of the knee ligaments in vivo is essential to reproduce the structural behavior of the ligament after injury (especially for 2-bundle reconstructions) and thus improve surgical outcomes.

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Authors: Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Sun, H., & Gill, T. J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Li, Guoan
ORCID: Li, Guoan
DeFrate, Louis E.
Sun, Hao
Venue: The American Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 32
Issue: 6
Pages: 1415-1420
ISSN: 0363-5465 (ISSN-L)
1552-3365
DOI: 10.1177/0363546503262175
OpenAlex: W2050751779
Cited by: 182
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 9.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The American Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, ligament elongation, knee flexion, lunge, knee biomechanics, ligament injury, ligament reconstruction
MeSH terms: Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer Simulation, Humans, Knee Injuries, Knee Joint, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing

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In Vivo Elongation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cruciate Ligament during Knee Flexion

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