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Evolutionary Theories of Depression: A Critical Review
Open accessAbstract
We critically review evolutionary theories of major depressive disorder (MDD). Because most instances of MDD appear to be caused by adversity, evolutionary theories of MDD generally propose that sadness and low mood evolved as beneficial responses to adversity, and that MDD is dysfunctional sadness and low mood. If so, MDD research should focus much more heavily on understanding the healthy functions of sadness and low mood to better understand how they dysfunction. A debate about the boundary between healthy sadness and MDD is then reviewed. In part, this debate turns on whether MDD's costliest symptoms could provide unknown benefits. Therefore, the review concludes by discussing 2 theories that explore possible benefits of prolonged anhedonia and suicidality.
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“many features of depressionsuch as anhedonia, a negative thinking bias and social withdrawalreduce exposure to social risks by inhibiting rewardapproach behaviours [51]”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
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Additional file 1 of Depressive symptoms and visual attention to others’ eyes in healthy individuals
Suslow, T., Hoepfel, D., Kersting, A., & Bodenschatz, C. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25357805
Metadata
- Authors
- Hagen, E. H.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Vancouver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hagen, Edward H
- ORCID
- Hagen, Edward H
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 716-726
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W201348123
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, sadness, depressive mood, adversity, anhedonia, suicidality, evolutionary psychology of emotion
- MeSH terms
- Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Biological Evolution, Humans, Psychological Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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