The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Warning Messages: A Review and Synthesis of Empirical Research
Abstract
The authors review the diverse literature on the effects of product warnings. They conclude that warnings inform rather than persuade consumers and consumers selectively attend to warning messages. They also examine research on potential warning message ineffectiveness due to frequent use and on possible reactive behavior induced by warning messages. They conclude that greater caution in the design of warning messages is needed because of the multiple effects of warnings and the varying responses of different groups of consumers. Furthermore, they suggest that warning messages should be designed using empirical research rather than expert opinion or judgment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
(1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809477 · Cited by 8,240
Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.97 · Cited by 813
Cited by
On the Nature of Reactance and its Role in Persuasive Health Communication
Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750500111815 · Cited by 1,571
Social Pressure and Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment
GERBER, A. S., GREEN, D. P., & LARIMER, C. W. (2008) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305540808009x · Cited by 1,345
Milne, G. R., & Culnan, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1002/dir.20009 · Cited by 610
So long, and no thanks for the externalities: the rational rejection of security advice by users
Herley, C. (2009) · Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on New security paradigms workshop · doi:10.1145/1719030.1719050 · Cited by 524
Using probabilistic generative models for ranking risks of Android apps
Peng, H., Gates, C., Sarma, B., Li, N., Qi, Y., Potharaju, R., Nita-Rotaru, C., & Molloy, I. (2012) · Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security · doi:10.1145/2382196.2382224 · Cited by 375
Metadata
- Authors
- Stewart, D. W., & Martin, I. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 0743-9156 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7207
- OpenAlex
- W2906794128
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Intended and Unintended Consequences of Warning Messages: A Review and Synthesis of Empirical Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/074391569401300101
- The paper
- Stewart, D. W., & Martin, I. M. (1994). Intended and Unintended Consequences of Warning Messages: A Review and Synthesis of Empirical Research. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1177/074391569401300101
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
