Cited by 385Gender Diversity and InequalitySocial and Intergroup PsychologySocial Power and Status Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Can an Agentic Black Woman Get Ahead? The Impact of Race and Interpersonal Dominance on Perceptions of Female Leaders

Open access

Livingston, Robert W., Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby, Washington, Ella F.·2012·Psychological Science

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Prior research has demonstrated that the display of agentic behaviors, such as dominance, can produce backlash against female leaders because of the incongruence between these behaviors and prescribed gender roles. The current study was designed to fill a gap in existing research by investigating whether these well-established findings are moderated by race. Results revealed that dominant Black female leaders did not create the same backlash that dominant White female leaders did. Experimental evidence confirmed that White female (and Black male) leaders were conferred lower status when they expressed dominance rather than communality, whereas Black female (and White male) leaders were not. These findings highlight the importance, and complexity, of considering the intersection of gender and race when examining penalties for and proscriptions against dominant behavior of female leaders.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0956797611428079

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383
Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491 · Cited by 4,698
Social Dominance
Sidanius, J., & Felicia Pratto, B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175043 · Cited by 3,632
Social dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3413 · Cited by 3,374
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239 · Cited by 1,881
Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities
Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., & Eibach, R. P. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4 · Cited by 1,875
Through the labyrinth: the truth about how women become leaders
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-6881 · Cited by 1,846
Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management.
Rudman, L. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 · Cited by 1,511

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Beale F., 1970, The Black woman: An anthology, 90
10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 301–384 of 384

Success Factors for Women of Color Information Technology Leaders in Corporate America
Skervin, A. E. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
An Exploration of Black National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) Sorority Membership as it Relates to Academic Achievement and Civic Engagement
Eatman, C. (2017) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc004044 · Cited by 1
Black Women in Sport Leadership: An Exploration of the Sport Intersectional Model of Power (SIMP)
Simpkins, E. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Dynamics of prosocial behaviour: subtle bias toward racial and gender groups
Abad-Merino, S. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Anger in the Courtroom: The Effects of Attorney Gender and Emotion on Juror Perceptions
May, C. B. (2014)
The Burden of Being the ‘Token’ - The Exploration of Ethnicity, Professional Identity, and Career Navigation amongst Ethnic Minority Managers in Sweden
Sjöholm, G., & Wellington, A. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Listening to the Voices of African American Female Principals Leading "Turnaround" Schools
Collins, V. P. (2015) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Victimhood and Agency: How Taking Charge Takes its TollPreprint
Mueller, P. A. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804124
Gender and Intergroup Helping: Forms of Prosocial Behavior as Differential Social Control Mechanisms for Women and Men
Abad-Merino, S., Dovidio, J. F., Tabernero, C., & López, I. G. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.72
Black Women's Search for Meaning: An Existential Portraiture Study on How Black Women Experience the 4 Existential Givens
Lemberger-Truelove, T. L. (2016) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Examining the Relationship Between Personality and Performance: Does Personality Predict Performance for Female Leaders?
Stutzman, N. S. (2017) · doi:10.7916/d80g3xks · Cited by 1
Leadership Styles
Foldy, E. G., & Ospina, S. M. (2015) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism · doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen456
Stereotypes and Prototypes: The Causes and Consequences of Intersectional Invisibility
Williams, A. L. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Rol del género femenino en el ámbito laboral: una figura comparada con el desempeño dirigencial de la mujer a nivel de Latinoamérica
Calle, S. M. Q., Vélez, F. S. M., & González-Maldonado, D. C. (2018) · Killkana Social · doi:10.26871/killkana_social.v2i4.311
Are Women Better Suited Than Men To Lead In Diverse Settings?
Toosi, N. R., Perkins, S., Cho, J., Phillips, K. W., & Phillips Katherine, W. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-944-120251003
Gender and Workplace Affect
Martinez, L. R., Bernard, L., & Snoeyink, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108573887.028 · Cited by 1
Voice and Votes: Gender, Power and Politics
Lips, H. M. (2020) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_14
The Impact of Dual Stereotype Threat and Power on Negotiation Behavior and Affect
Gipson, A. N. (2021) · doi:10.7916/d8-k2zf-0584
Three Essays on Ethical Corporate Behavior
Kumar, S. (2020) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Drug Conviction and Employment Restriction: Experiences of Employees with Drug-Related Criminal Histories
Bernard, L. (2021) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.15760/etd.7655
Supply- and Demand-Side Effects in Performance Appraisals: The Role of Gender and RacePreprint
Bohnet, I. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3854007 · Cited by 1
Supplemental Material for The Impact of Organizational Performance on the Emergence of Asian American Leaders
(2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000347.supp
You can't see what i can see
Griffith, T. O. (2014) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20018689
"I'm Not Broken, but I'm Bent": Black Women in School Leadership Coping With Gendered Racism
Burton, L. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1441629
Women’s evaluation of themselves and others regarding potential in different work environments
Wen, F., Ma, S., Ke, W., Zuo, B., Ding, Y., Dai, Y., Lin, Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03988-x
A Multi-Method Examination of the Effects of Students’ Unconscious Biases on Student Evaluations of Instructors
Kowalski, B. M. (2022) · doi:10.33915/etd.11556
Insights from an AIMBE Workshop: Diversifying Paths to Academic Leadership
Pruitt, B. L., Chesler, N. C., Seltzer, R., Eniola‐Adefeso, O., Margulies, S. S., Campo, M. S., Simon, S. I., Grimm, M. J., Mandell, S., Alleyne, A. G., et al. (2023) · Biomedical Engineering Education · doi:10.1007/s43683-023-00105-7
The Journeys of Women in Local Elected Office: From Community Engagement to Making Meaningful Contributions
Marr, A. (2023) · Digital USD (University of San Diego) · doi:10.22371/05.2023.007
The Emergence of Racial Minorities in Corporate Leadership: A Comprehensive ReviewPreprint
Zhang, Y. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4574121
Barriers to Recruitment of Women to South African Mining Boards
Moraka, N. V. (2023) · Gender questions · doi:10.25159/2412-8457/14223
Status foe: a psychobiographical investigation of Ida B. Wells
Wegner, B. R. (2023) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2271076
Self-Monitoring Personality Trait in Organizations
Dural, U., & Kudret, S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192897114.013.11
Always at Greater Risk for More Discrimination?
Shakeri, A., & North, M. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192897114.013.4
When Women Ask, Does Curiosity Help?
Mislin, A. A., Tuncel, E., & Prewitt, L. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13030152
Still, I RISE: a framework for transforming experiences of Black women leaders in K- 12 urban education
Tomlinson, S. (2024) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20649862
Role of Organizational Status, Race, and Emotional Expression in Perceptions of Working Women
Briggs, M. (2024) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2332638
Who Carries the Burden of Strength? The Impact of Colorism on Perceptions of Strong Black Women
Jean‐Ceide, C. (2024) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2332555
Meet the Press: Gendered Conversational Norms in Televised Political Discussion
Naftel, D., Green, J., Shoub, K., Edgerton, J. F., Wagner, M. T., & Cranmer, S. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/732995
Accuracy, Bias, and Overgeneralization: Perceived Aggression Guides Threat Detection and Punishment of Female Criminal Offenders
Morgan, M. G., & Rule, N. O. (2024) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-024-00475-8
Women of Color and Technology
McCauley, R., Boakye-Ansah, J., Hatif, H., Kaleem, Z., & Ahmad, A. S. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4256-5.ch011
“Affirmative Action Is Reverse Racism”: The Myth of Meritocracy
Anderson, K. J. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009244053.008
Balancing Identities: a Thematic Analysis of the Ideology of Professionalism and Its Effect on Stigmatized Cultural Groups
Allen, A. (2021) · doi:10.30707/etd2024.20250116063114592087.999999
Diverging Perceptions of Emotional Black and White Female Leaders
Briggs, M. (2022) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1944212
The Manifestation of the Karen Trope in the Workplace: A Reconsideration of Stereotypes of White Women at Work
Tirol-Carmody, K., Li, C. S., Goering, D. D., & Henry, S. E. (2025) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12675
Biased Reputations: Using Cross-Listed Properties to Identify the Negative Effects of Perceived Race on Users’ Reputations on Airbnb
Katz, T. K., & Regev, T. (2024) · Journal of law & empirical analysis. · doi:10.1177/2755323x241306798
Introductions
Tobia, K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170901.012
The Law and Psychology of Gender Stereotyping
Liu, H. H. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170901.020
WAGES-Classroom (Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation): Using Pedagogical Frameworks to Address Challenges of Bias Interventions
Cundiff, J. L., & Warner, L. R. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251349696 · Cited by 1
Biased Evaluation of Pain and Suffering Damages
Gilboa, M., & Katz, T. K. (2025) · Journal of law & empirical analysis. · doi:10.1177/2755323x251362525
Intersectionality: how gender interacts with other social identities to shape bias
Miller, D. (2016) · doi:10.64628/aai.av4dhpy5a
How defense attorney race, sex, and quality shape the guilty plea process
Lee, J. G., Jaynes, C. M., & Franklin, S. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-025-09698-1
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AFRICULTURAL COPING, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, AND INTENTIONS TO PERSIST IN STEM AMONG BLACK STUDENTS AT HBCUS
Dickens, D. D., Jackson, D. J., Kelly, J., Campbell, N., Habeeb, Z., Blankson, A. N., & Lindner, A. (2025) · Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering · doi:10.1615/jwomenminorscieneng.2025053092
Intersectional Gender and Race in Interaction and Inequality: An Updated Account for Group Processes
Ridgeway, C. L. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520250000042001
Beyond Pipelines and Talent Pools
Cukier, W., Jackson, S., Connely, K., Roach, E., & Gagnon, S. M. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-151-820251012
Navigating the STEM Landscape
Hadi-Tabassum, S. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-708-420251009
Double Jeopardy or Intersectional Invisibility?
Carter, J. T., & de Leon, R. P. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-843-420251011
The Authenticity Paradox
Summerville, K. M., & Ruggs, E. N. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-843-420251010
An Integrative Framework of Intersectional Stereotyping: Merging the Lens Model and MOSAIC to Explain Variations in Black-Threat Stereotyping
Freiburger, E., Hall, E. V., & Petsko, C. D. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251403213 · Cited by 1
Three Essays on Gender, Population Studies, and Labor Economics
Gorsuch, M. (2015) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Race, Gender, and Leadership Promotion: The Moderating Effect of Social Dominance Orientation
Chatham, C. E. (2013) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato)
Réduire la stigmatisation de la maladie mentale : du contact imaginé au contact incarné
Schuhl, J. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6518276ez4b1fz4a99za875za70c90e5f798
Processus sociocognitifs impliques dans l’invisibilite intersectionnelle : le role de l'incongruence perçue entre les identités
Sternberg, B. (2024) · doi:10.70675/fce14e83za2b3z48bcz84cez6f0882af5083
Registered Report: Can Agentic Black Women Get Ahead? An Experiment Revisited
Liu, C. X., Blair, B. A., & Tenney, E. R. (2026) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976261436988
References
(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83742-061-220261010
Bridging the leadership divide: a longitudinal analysis of gender disparities in senior U.S. workforce roles
Kaur, A., & Rosendale, J. A. (2026) · Strategy and Leadership · doi:10.1108/sl-12-2025-0421
Exploring the Impact of Executive Motivating Language Use on Perceived Leadership Credibility and Likability: The Moderating Role of Gender and the Mediating Effect of Role Congruence
Mitson, R. (2026) · New perspectives in organizational communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06542-1_9
Deliberate Inclusion
Xiao, V. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-826-720251015
Looking Beyond the Black Marriage Decline: Identifying What Black Males Prefer in a Wife (Mating) and Dating Partner
McAlpin, C. T. (2026) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347261447313
Status
Ridgeway, C. L. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197852729.003.0132
Gender differences in workplace friendship development: Insights from network dynamics
Carboni, I., Parker, A., & Lomi, A. (2026) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2026.07.001
Satanic recovery: Transforming our understanding of stigma and recovery capital
Diaz, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.210080
Black Women in International Development
Butler, A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7335-5.ch002
Unpacking Workplace Microaggressions and Inclusive HR Practices Across Age Groups and Identities
Dadkhah, M., Bellotti, L., Mariani, M. G., & Zaniboni, S. (2026) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci16080369
“Menopausal, Depleted, and Nostalgic”: The Bittersweet Effects of Menopause for Women Leaders
Epitropaki, O., & Kakarika, M. (2026) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.70126
Admissions and Assumptions: Experimental Evidence of Stigma Towards Undergraduate Applicants Who Disclose Psychological Disorders
Tagariello, J., Schofield, C. A., & Wilton, L. S. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261486892
The Double-Edged Power of Mentors: How Daily Feelings of Power Shape Mentees’ Experiences of Gender- and Race-Based Harm and Support
Stockdale, M. S., Mosier, A. E., Wu, W., Kiebler, J. M., & Kimble-Hill, A. C. (2026) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-026-01694-7
Toward a Framework of Social Marginalization: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda
Preston, M. C., & Kim, Y. L. (2026) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2025.0093
Balancing Motherhood and Navigating Perceptions
Murray, D. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-4699-9.ch009
How Sexually Objectifying Others Undermines Connection and Collaboration
Bareket, O., Lamer, S. A., & Fiske, S. T. (2026) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916261479948
When Silence Becomes Strategy
Lee, M. G. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8412-2.ch002
Audit the Room
McFashion, C. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8412-2.ch010
Policing Professionalism, Respectability Politics, Code-Switching, and Cultural Taxation in K–12 Education
Hoskin, M. N. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8899-1.ch007
Psychological Safety, Sustainability, and the Mental Health of Black Women in K–12 Education
Hoskin, M. N. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8899-1.ch009
Exploring the role of social identities in presidential candidate evaluation
Michals, T. (2013)

Authors: Livingston, R. W., Rosette, A. S., & Washington, E. F.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Duke University (US)
ORCID: Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-03-14
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 354-358
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797611428079
OpenAlex: W2123073197
Cited by: 385
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 45.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: agentic behavior, Black women, women in leadership, backlash against women, interpersonal dominance, race, gender roles, status perception, intersectionality, race and gender
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Leadership, Male, Race Relations, Role, Social Behavior, Social Dominance, Social Perception, Women, White People

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Can an Agentic Black Woman Get Ahead? The Impact of Race and Interpersonal Dominance on Perceptions of Female Leaders

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks