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Attention Is Spontaneously Biased Toward Regularities
Open accessAbstract
Knowledge about regularities in the environment can be used to facilitate perception, memory, and language acquisition. Given this usefulness, we hypothesized that statistically structured sources of information receive attentional priority over noisier sources, independent of their intrinsic salience or goal relevance. We report three experiments that support this hypothesis. Experiment 1 shows that regularities bias spatial attention: Visual search was facilitated at a location containing temporal regularities, even though these regularities did not predict target location, timing, or identity. Experiments 2 and 3 show that regularities bias feature attention: Attentional capture doubled in magnitude when singletons appeared, respectively, in a color or dimension with temporal regularities among task-irrelevant stimuli. Prioritization of the locations and features of regularities is not easily accounted for in the conventional dichotomy between stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention. This prioritization may in turn promote further statistical learning, helping the mind to acquire knowledge about stable aspects of the environment.
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“This effect was observed although the vast majority of the participants were unaware of the temporal regularities.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Zhao, Al-Aidroos, & Turk-Browne, 2013
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“Participants were found to respond quicker when the target happened to be at the stream location that contained temporal regularities relative to when it appeared at the location of a random stream.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Zhao, Al-Aidroos, & Turk-Browne, 2013
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BackgroundNo evidence for an attentional bias towards implicit temporal regularities
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“In addition, Zhao, Al-Aidroos, and Turk-Browne (2013) demonstrated that attention is captured by statistical learning.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociative cueing of attention through implicit feature-location binding
Girardi, G., & Nico, D. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.07.006 · Cited by 4
Zhao, M., Jiang, D., & Wang, J. (2025) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70073 · Cited by 3
Arbitrary but predictive cues support attention to overlooked features
Luna, M. L., & Sandhofer, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104251 · Cited by 3
Visual statistical learning in children and adults: evidence from probability cueing
Yang, Y., & Song, Q. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01445-7 · Cited by 3
Effects of Temporal Expectations on the Perception of Motion Gestalts
Nobre, A. D. P., Nikolaev, A. R., Gauer, G., van Leeuwen, C., & Wagemans, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01686 · Cited by 3
Extended Minds and Tools for Mind-Wandering
Gozli, D. G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06955-0_6 · Cited by 3
No evidence for tactile entrainment of attention
Pomper, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168428 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, faster RTs following rhythmic compared to arhythmic entrainment in the early time-window might also be attributed to higher saliency of regular compared to irregular sequences (Zhao et al., 2013; Southwell et al., 2017), with the resulting increased attention following rhythmic entrainment facilitating t…”
BackgroundAssessing the impact of attention fluctuations on statistical learning
Zhang, Z., & Rosenberg, M. D. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02805-2 · Cited by 4
“Our results suggested that participants nonetheless showed evidence of learning, replicating previous work using a cover task (Kiai & Melloni, 2021; Musz et al., 2015; Turk-Browne et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2013; but see Himberger et al., 2019, for contradicting results).”
InfluentialUsing an algorithmic approach to shape human decision-making through attraction to patterns
Shani-Narkiss, H., Eitam, B., & Amsalem, O. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59131-4 · Cited by 3
“For example, human attention has been shown to be pulled towards regularity 5 – 7 , and movements with predictable sensory outcomes are reinforced from infancy 8 and throughout life 9 .”
Nastase, S. A., Davis, B., & Hasson, U. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.019 · Cited by 3
“Attention and prediction are related constructs and often conflated experimental work (Summerfield and Egner, 2009), where statistical regularities licensing expectations are often used to guide attention (Posner et al., 1980; Zhao et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFerry, A. L., & Guellaï, B. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101606 · Cited by 3
Statistical regularities alter the spatial scale of attention
Luo, Y., & Zhao, J. (2014) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/14.10.11 · Cited by 3
Self-citationImplicit learning: A way to improve visual search in spatial neglect?
Wansard, M., Geurten, M., Colson, C., & Meulemans, T. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.05.011 · Cited by 3
“In particular, it has been found that while regularities in implicit learning can guide attentional orienting (Jiang & Chun, 2003; Zhao et al., 2013), selective attentional processes can also determine what information can be implicitly learned (Baker, Olson, & Behrmann, 2004; Jimenez & Mendez,…”
BackgroundKról, M. E., & Król, M. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180573 · Cited by 3
Self-initiated spatial working memory in young and older adults
Milchgrub, G., & Magen, H. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1402938 · Cited by 3
Sensitivity to statistical structure facilitates perceptual analysis of complex auditory scenesPreprint
Aman, L. C. S., Picken, S., Andreou, L.-V., & Maria Chait, A. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/126763 · Cited by 3
“…a mechanism that infers the precision (predictability) of sensory input and uses this information to up-regulate neural processing towards more reliable sensory signals (Feldman and Friston, 2010; Zhao et al., 2013; Auksztulewicz and Friston, 2015; Barascud et al., 2016; Southwell et al, in press).”
BackgroundResultContribution of statistical learning to learning from reward feedbackPreprint
Yazdanpanah, A., Wang, M. C., Trepka, E. B., & Soltani, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.27.591445 · Cited by 3
Pupil responds spontaneously to visuospatial regularity
Kong, Z., Chen, C., & Jia, J. (2025) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.25.1.14 · Cited by 2
Spatiotemporal predictability of saccades modulates postsaccadic feature interference
Chiu, T.-Y., Jaen, I., & Golomb, J. D. (2025) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.25.14.1 · Cited by 2
Bai, S., Menétrey, M. Q., & Pascucci, D. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114697 · Cited by 2
“…ll OPEN ACCESS design could not disambiguate whether the lateralized SSVEP responses in the RTT condition were also partly driven by inhibitory activity suppressing the processing of predictable but unat-tended sequences on the ipsilateral side, 55 which remains a question for future research.”
Strong Conscious Cues Suppress Preferential Gaze Allocation to Unconscious Cues
Alamia, A., Solopchuk, O., & Zénon, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00427 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhao, J., Al-Aidroos, N., & Turk-Browne, N. B.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Princeton University
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-04-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 667-677
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC3734864
- OpenAlex
- W2145638643
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 12.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY021755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional bias, statistical learning, temporal regularity, spatial attention, feature attention, visual search, attentional capture, singleton detection, bottom-up attention, top-down attention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Students, Visual Perception, Bias, Young Adult
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