The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement
Abstract
In developing a new scale, this article makes theoretical and measurement distinctions between vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism. Vertical collectivism includes perceiving the selfas a part (or an aspect) of a collective and accepting inequalities within the collective. Horizontal collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed. Vertical individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and acceptance of inequality. Horizontal individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and emphasis on equality. Measurement of these constructs is preferable theoretically and empirically (better internal consistency) to either of the more general constructs of individualism and collectivism or the constituent elements of these constructs, such as self-reliance, hedonism, family integrity, and so on. The usefulness of these theoretical distinctions is demonstrated and their implications are discussed.
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Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations.
Fiske, A. P. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.689 · Cited by 2,510
Cited by
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758
The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes.
Triandis, H. C. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.4.407 · Cited by 1,457
Self-citationChirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97 · Cited by 1,425
Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022105275959 · Cited by 1,345
Brewer, M. B., & Chen, Y.-R. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.133 · Cited by 1,200
Metadata
- Authors
- Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J.
- Venue
- Cross-Cultural Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 240-275
- ISSN
- 0094-3673 (ISSN-L)
- 1069-3971
- 1552-3578
- OpenAlex
- W2004340020
- Cited by
- 2,319
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 22.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/106939719502900302
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- Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement. Cross-Cultural Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719502900302
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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