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Book Review: GABA and Glutamate in the Human Brain
Abstract
Cortical excitability reflects a balance between excitation and inhibition. Glutamate is the main excitatory and GABA the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cortex. Changes in glutamate and GABA metabolism may play important roles in the control of cortical excitability. Glutamate is the metabolic precursor of GABA, which can be recycled through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to synthesize glutamate. GABA synthesis is unique among neurotransmitters, having two separate isoforms of the rate-controlling enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase. The need for two separate genes on two chromosomes to control GABA synthesis is unexplained. Two metabolites of GABA are present in uniquely high concentrations in the human brain. Homocarnosine and pyrrolidinone have a major impact on GABA metabolism in the human brain. Both of these GABA metabolites have anticonvulsant properties and can have a major impact on cortical excitability.
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Cited by
Hasler, G., van der Veen, J. W., Tumonis, T., Meyers, N., Shen, J., & Drevets, W. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.193 · Cited by 846
23and Me Research Team, Karlsson Linnér, R., eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Biroli, P., Kong, E., Meddens, S. F. W., Wedow, R., Fontana, M. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3 · Cited by 756
Mather, M., Clewett, D., Sakaki, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15000667 · Cited by 695
Current practice in the use of MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy for the detection of GABA
Mullins, P. G., McGonigle, D. J., O'Gorman, R. L., Puts, N. A. J., Vidyasagar, R., Evans, C. J., & Edden, R. A. E. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004 · Cited by 553
Role of glutamate metabolism in bacterial responses towards acid and other stresses
Feehily, C., & Karatzas, K. A. G. (2013) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05434.x · Cited by 455
Metadata
- Authors
- Petroff, O. A. C.
- Venue
- The Neuroscientist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 562-573
- ISSN
- 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-4098
- OpenAlex
- W2062657498
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 0
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Petroff, O. A. C. (2002). Book Review: GABA and Glutamate in the Human Brain. The Neuroscientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858402238515
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
