Occupational Outcome in Adult ADHD: Impact of Symptom Profile, Comorbid Psychiatric Problems, and Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study of 414 Clinically Diagnosed Adult ADHD Patients
Abstract
Objective: To determine the effects of symptom profile, comorbid psychiatric problems, and treatment on occupational outcome in adult ADHD patients. Method: Adult ADHD patients ( N = 414) responded to questionnaires rating past and present symptoms of ADHD, comorbid conditions, treatment history, and work status. Results: Of the patients, 24% reported being in work, compared to 79% in a population-based control group ( N = 359). Combined subtype of ADHD, substance abuse, and a reported history of depression or anxiety were correlated with being out of work. Current and past medical treatment of ADHD was correlated with being in work. Logistic regression analyses showed that stimulant therapy during childhood was the strongest predictor for being in work as adults (odds ratio = 3.2, p = .014). Conclusion: Early recognition and treatment of ADHD is a strong predictor of being in work as an adult, independently of comorbidity, substance abuse, and current treatment. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(2) 175-187)
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Individuals with ADHD who received stimulant treatment in childhood had lower rates of depression and bipolar disorder later in life compared with individuals who were not treated.
“Halmøy et al. (2009) reported that individuals with ADHD who received stimulant treatment in childhood had lower rates of depression and bipolar disorder later in life compared with individuals who were not treated [141].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [141]
Children who received ADHD treatment had rates of unemployment three times lower than individuals who did not receive treatment for their ADHD as children.
“For instance, Halmøy et al. (2009) reported that children who received ADHD treatment had rates of unemployment three times lower than individuals who did not receive treatment for their ADHD as children [141].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [141]
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References 61 · Cited by 317
- Authors
- Halmøy, A., Fasmer, O. B., Gillberg, C., & Haavik, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-04-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-187
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2034643246
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, occupational outcomes, employment status, psychiatric comorbidity, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, stimulant medication, early treatment, ADHD subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Rehabilitation, Vocational, Unemployment, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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